Abstract
In the present study, the researchers used an integrated approach composed of response surface analysis (RSM) and MPACT model to predict fatality rates caused by benzene emitted from floating-roof tanks. RSM scenarios were configured in Expert Design (version 7.0) software using the central composite design (CCD) method and five variables of wind speed, relative humidity, atmospheric temperature, failure diameter, and emission height were considered. Continuous Pasquill–Gifford Gaussian model was used to estimate the results of the RSM scenarios. The response values were considered for exposure concentrations above 50 ppm (slight damages), 150 ppm (moderate damage), and 1000 ppm (high damage). The analysis of individual and social risks for each scenario was done using the MPACT model in SAFETI program (version 8.22) by providing two variables of population characteristics and the frequency of tank wall failure. The results showed that atmospheric temperature, wind speed, failure diameter, and emission height have positive effects on the dispersion of the cloud of toxic benzene vapor with a concentration of 1000 ppm. Intolerable individual risk distances were estimated to be lower for indoor environments than for outdoor. Maximum distances of intolerable individual risks for the worst-case scenarios were estimated up to 2500 m from the emission point, which resulted from exposure to a concentration of 1000-ppm benzene. Results regarding the estimation of social risks showed that over 1600 fatalities should be expected under the worst-case scenarios. The three factors of high temperature, low wind speed, and low emission height play a major role in the occurrence of scenarios with the highest fatalities. High wind speed and high emission height were the most important factors in most scenarios with zero fatalities rate. Generally, the findings of this study show the necessity to provide an emergency response plan in the studied industry in both autumn and winter due to low wind speed. However, the coupling of the developed statistical models based on regional meteorological conditions with the MPACT model can help researchers to design an emergency response plan to deal with leakage incidents in petrochemical industries.
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Availability of Data and Materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Code Availability
SAFETI (version 8.22) and Expert Design (version 7.0) programs.
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We would like to thank the Isfahan Petrochemical Company for supporting this research project.
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SSB was involved in conceptualization and methodology, investigation, modeling and writing of the original draft. MA, MK, IA, AB, YHS, AB and MTL conducted the data collection, reviewing and editing of the manuscript.
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Shojaee Barjoee, S., Azizi, M., Kouhkan, M. et al. The Impacts and Analysis of Individual and Social Risks of the Stochastic Emission of Benzene from Floating-Roof Tanks Using Response Surface Analysis and MPACT Model. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 84, 347–367 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-023-00990-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-023-00990-7