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Sensitivity of Freshwater Australian Bass (Macquaria novemaculeata) and Silver Perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) to Waterborne Antimony: Exposure–Dose–Response Characteristics and Ion Homeostasis

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Abstract

We conducted acute toxicity studies using semi-static protocols to examine the lethal responses of Australian bass and silver perch exposed to antimony (Sb) oxidation states in Sb(III) (10.5–30.5 mg L−1) and Sb(V) (95.9–258.7 mg L−1). Bioavailability and the effects of Sb on body ion regulation (Na, Ca, Mg, and K) were also investigated. Antimony species-specific effects were observed with exposure to both Sb oxidation states. Median lethal concentrations (LC50s) for Sb(III) were 13.6 and 18 mg L−1 for Australian bass and silver perch, respectively, and the LC50 for Sb(V) in Australian bass was 165.3 mg L−1. The LC50 could not be calculated for silver perch exposed to Sb(V) as the maximum exposure concentrations produced 40% mortality but a larger-than value of > 258.7 mg L−1 was estimated. Relative median potency values derived from the LC50s were 0.1 Sb(III) and 12.2 and 16.6 Sb(V) for Australian bass and silver perch, respectively, demonstrating greater toxicity of Sb(III) to both fish species. Antimony uptake in fish was observed. Median critical body residue (CBR50) values of 77.7 and 26.6 mg kg−1 for Sb(III) were estimated for Australian bass and silver perch, respectively, and 628.1 mg kg−1 for Sb(V) in Australian bass. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for both Sb(III) and Sb(V) did not change with exposure but the greater BCFs for fish exposed to Sb(III) indicate that it is more bioavailable than Sb(V) in acute exposure. No effects on whole-body Na, Ca, Mg, or K ions were observed with fish exposure to either Sb species.

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Funding

Funding for this work was provided by the University of New England Internal Research Seed grant.

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Author notes

  1. Anne M. Taylor

    Present address: Centre for Applied Water Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia

    Maximilian Obinna Obiakor, Matthew K. Tighe & Susan C. Wilson

  2. School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia

    Lily Pereg

  3. Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia

    Anne M. Taylor, William Maher & Frank Krikowa

Authors
  1. Maximilian Obinna Obiakor
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  2. Matthew K. Tighe
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  3. Lily Pereg
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  4. Anne M. Taylor
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  5. William Maher
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  6. Frank Krikowa
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  7. Susan C. Wilson
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Contributions

MOO contributed to conceptualisation, formal analysis, investigation, and writing—original draft preparation; MOO, MT, LP, and SCW contributed to methodology; MOO, MT, LP, WM, AMT, and SCW contributed to writing—review and editing and provided resources; SCW, MT, and MOO acquired funding; MT, LP, WM, AMT, SCW contributed to supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maximilian Obinna Obiakor.

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Conflict of interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethics Approval

The experimental protocol and animal handling procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of New England Australia in accordance with guidelines of the Australian Code for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes (Authority No. AEC14-113).

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Obiakor, M.O., Tighe, M.K., Pereg, L. et al. Sensitivity of Freshwater Australian Bass (Macquaria novemaculeata) and Silver Perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) to Waterborne Antimony: Exposure–Dose–Response Characteristics and Ion Homeostasis. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 81, 621–636 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00891-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00891-7

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