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Ten Bird Species, Six Guilds, Three Habitats, and 59 Chlorinated and Brominated POPs: What do 64 Eggs from the Largest Economic Hub of Southern Africa tell us?

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Abstract

There is little information on how POPs in eggs of different terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic birds share a large urban and rural landscape relate. We collected and analysed 64 eggs belonging to ten species of six feeding guilds, and compared organic chlorinated pesticide (OCP), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and brominated flame retardants (BFR) residue concentrations and compositions. The eggs were collected in the Gauteng and the northern part of the Free Sate provinces of South Africa, one of the largest economic hubs in Africa. White-breasted Cormorant and African Darter eggs (at the highest trophic level as large aquatic predators) had the highest ΣOCP and ΣPCB concentrations, and Cape Sparrow and Southern Masked Weaver (granivores) eggs had the lowest concentrations, corresponding to the lowest trophic level in our collection. The highest percentage p,p’-DDT were in eggs of the terrestrial insectivore Crowned Lapwing (24%) and the scavenging African Sacred Ibis (17%), and the lowest in African Darter (1.0%) and White-breasted Cormorant (0.9%) eggs, suggesting that recency of DDT releases in a region cannot be gauged by this metric. African Sacred Ibis and Southern Masked Weaver eggs had the highest ΣBFR concentrations, with Crowned Lapwing, Cattle Egret, and White-breasted Cormorant eggs the least. Based on feeding guilds, the mean ΣPOP concentrations increased from granivore, aquatic omnivore, scavenger, terrestrial insectivore, small aquatic predator, to large aquatic predator. Mean ΣPOP concentrations in eggs increased from terrestrial, to wetland, to aquatic habitat birds. Interesting patterns were observed with multivariate analyses. There were no significant regressions between egg size and any summed POP classes. ΣBFR concentrations were not correlated with ΣOCPs or ΣPCBs. Eggshell thinning of African Darter eggs was associated with p,p’-DDE and ΣPCB suggesting risk. Other metrics also suggest risk. Therefore, different species of terrestrial and aquatic birds from the same area acquire and deposit POPs in different proportions and quantities in their eggs. Trophic levels and habitat explain the overall patterns, but detailed differences were found, some of which we are unable to explain. Based on POPs residues in terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic bird eggs, different POPs classes behave differently in a shared large inland industrial area, complicating deductions about POPs and associated risks based on one or few species.

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Acknowledgements

JP Huisamen and I Viljoen are thanked for their tree-climbing, egg-collection, and bird-identification skills. S Føreide, KB Løken, and M Karimi are thanked for their kind assistance with chemical analyses. Claudine Roos is thanked for her generous support during the project. We thank Kishaylan Chetty, GR Barnard, Velesia Lesch, Suranie Horn, and Yasfir Nadat for comments on the manuscript.

Funding

We gratefully acknowledge funding from the South-African–Norway Bilateral Agreement, administered by the National Research Foundation in South Africa and the Research Council of Norway (NFR No: 152317/V10 and 180291/S50). Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of the authors and not necessarily attributed to the funding agencies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa

    Hindrik Bouwman, R. Pieters & A Polder

  2. Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway

    A Polder

  3. National Metrology Institute of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

    L. Quinn

Authors
  1. Hindrik Bouwman
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  2. R. Pieters
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  3. A Polder
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  4. L. Quinn
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Correspondence to Hindrik Bouwman.

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Bouwman, H., Pieters, R., Polder, A. et al. Ten Bird Species, Six Guilds, Three Habitats, and 59 Chlorinated and Brominated POPs: What do 64 Eggs from the Largest Economic Hub of Southern Africa tell us?. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 81, 347–366 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00882-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00882-8

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