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Contamination Profiles of Antifouling Biocides in Selected Coastal Regions of Malaysia

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Abstract

The concentrations of butyltins (BTs) in sediment from Peninsular Malaysia along the Strait of Malacca and their spatial distribution are discussed. The concentrations of BTs were high in the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia where there is a lot of ship traffic, because trade is prosperous. The concentrations of monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), and tributyltin (TBT) in sediment from the coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia were in the range 4.1–242 μg/kg dry weight (dw), 1.1–186 μg/kg dw, and 0.7–228 μg/kg dw, respectively. A higher percentage of TBT was observed in the area where TBT concentrations were high. The concentrations of monophenyltin (MPT), diphenyltin (DPT), and triphenyltin (TPT) were in the range <0.1–121 μg/kg dw, 0.4–27 μg/kg dw, and 0.1–34 μg/kg dw in sediment from Peninsular Malaysia, respectively. MPT was the dominant phenyltin species. MBT, DBT, and TBT in green mussel (Perna viridis) samples were detected in the range 41–102 μg/kg, 3–5 μg/kg, and 8–32 μg/kg, respectively. A tolerable average residue level (TARL) was estimated at 20.4 μg/kg from a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.25 μg TBTO/kg body weight/day. The maximum value of TBT detected in green mussel samples was the value near the TARL. TPTs were not detected in green mussel samples. The concentrations of Diuron and Irgarol 1051 in sediment from Peninsular Malaysia were in the range <0.1–5 μg/kg dw and <0.1–14 μg/kg dw, respectively. High concentrations of these compounds were observed in locations where the concentrations of TBT were high. Sea Nine 211, Dichlofluanid, and Pyrithiones were not detected in sediment. The concentrations of antifouling biocides in Melaka and the Strait of Johor were investigated in detail. BTs were found in similar concentrations among all sampling sites from Melaka, indicating that BT contamination spread off the coast. However, Sea Nine 211, Diuron, and Irgarol 1051 in the sediment from Melaka were high at the mouth of the river. BT concentrations at the Strait of Johor were higher than those in Peninsular Malaysia and Melaka and were high at the narrowest locations with poor flushing of water. The concentrations of antifouling biocides were compared among Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. A higher concentration and wide variations of TBT and TPT in sediment from Malaysia were observed among these countries. The Irgarol 1051 concentrations in sediment from Malaysia were higher than those in Thailand and Vietnam.

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Acknowledgment

The authors thank Professor Hideshige Takada and his group at the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology for assistance with the sampling in Malaysia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Tohjo-cho, 8-34, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan

    Hiroya Harino

  2. International Coastal Research Center, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 2-106-1, Akahama, Otsuchi, Iwate, 028-1102, Japan

    Takaomi Arai

  3. Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan

    Madoka Ohji

  4. Department of Biology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Ahmad Bin Ismail

  5. Center for International Cooperation, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-15-1, Minamidai, Nakano, Tokyo, 164-8639, Japan

    Nobuyuki Miyazaki

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  1. Hiroya Harino
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  2. Takaomi Arai
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  3. Madoka Ohji
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  4. Ahmad Bin Ismail
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  5. Nobuyuki Miyazaki
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Correspondence to Hiroya Harino.

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Harino, H., Arai, T., Ohji, M. et al. Contamination Profiles of Antifouling Biocides in Selected Coastal Regions of Malaysia. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 56, 468–478 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-008-9252-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-008-9252-0

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