Abstract
Kidney stones are increasing in the pediatric and adult populations; similarly osteoporosis is increasingly recognized in children. While kidney stone formers are known to suffer from low bone density, metabolic bone patients have not been considered a high risk population for kidney stones. Retrospective chart review of Nationwide Children’s Hospital Metabolic Bone Clinic patients from October 2009–2013. Patients were identified by ICD 9 codes for osteoporosis, osteopenia, low bone density and kidney stones. Only patients with radiologic evidence of both diseases were included.Twenty-six of 889 patients met criteria; this is equivalent to an incidence of 30 per 100,000 patients. Osteoporosis was the most frequent bone diagnosis. Males were the majority (68%). Most common secondary diagnoses: seizure (52%) and cerebral palsy (44%). Treatment: calcium (48%), vitamin D (40%), bisphosphonates (48%). The majority (75%) were non-ambulatory. Most frequent lithogenic medications: Topiramate (42%) and corticosteroids (27%). This is one of the first studies to consider metabolic bone patients as high risk for urinary stone disease. We found a higher rate of kidney stones in pediatric metabolic bone patients compared to data available for the general pediatric kidney stone population. The most common risk factor for bone and stone disease was nonambulatory status. Males were more frequently affected than females; this is the reverse of general adolescent kidney stone population. The predominance of cerebral palsy and seizure patients can be attributed to their frequency of non-ambulatory status and lithogenic medications such as Topiramate.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alon US, Zimmerman H, Alon M (2004) Evaluation and treatment of pediatric idiopathic urolithiasis-revisited. Pediatr Nephrol 19:516–520
Cameron MA, Sakhaee K, Moe OW (2005) Nephrolithiasis in children. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1587–1592
Cappuccio FP, Kalaitzidis R, Duneclift S, Eastwood JB (2000) Unravelling the links between calcium excretion, salt intake, hypertension, kidney stones and bone metabolism. J Nephrol 13:169–177
Curtiss PH Jr, Clark WS, Herndon CH (1954) Vertebral fractures resulting from prolonged cortisone and corticotropin therapy. J Am Med Assoc 156:467–469
Denburg MR, Leonard MB, Haynes K, Tuchman S, Tasian G, Shults J, Copelovitch L (2014) Risk of fracture in urolithiasis: a population-based cohort study using the health improvement network. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN 9: 2133–2140
Hufnagle KG, Khan SN, Penn D, Cacciarelli A, Williams P (1982) Renal calcifications: a complication of long-term furosemide therapy in preterm infants. Pediatrics 70:360–363
Hyams JS (1994) Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 19: 7–21
Jorgensen L, Jacobsen BK, Wilsgaard T, Magnus JH (2000) Walking after stroke: does it matter? Changes in bone mineral density within the first 12 months after stroke. A longitudinal study Osteoporosis international: a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA 11: 381–387
Kaplon DM, Penniston KL, Nakada SY (2011) Patients with and without prior urolithiasis have hypocitraturia and incident kidney stones while on topiramate. Urology 77:295–298
Khan SR (2004) Crystal-induced inflammation of the kidneys: results from human studies, animal models, and tissue-culture studies. Clin Exp Nephrol 8:75–88
Koyun M, Güven AG, Filiz S, Akman S, Akbas H, Baysal YE, Dedeoglu N (2007) Screening for hypercalciuria in schoolchildren: what should be the criteria for diagnosis? Pediatr Nephrol 22:1297–1301
Kusumi K, Becknell B, Schwaderer A (2014) Trends in pediatric urolithiasis: patient characteristics, associated diagnoses, and financial burden Pediatr Nephrol
Lauderdale DS, Thisted RA, Wen M, Favus MJ (2001) Bone mineral density and fracture among prevalent kidney stone cases in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Bone Miner Res Offi J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 16: 1893–1898
Ma NS, Gordon CM (2012) Pediatric osteoporosis: where are we now? J Pediatr 161:983–990
Miller LA, Stapleton FB (1985) Urinary citrate excretion in children with hypercalciuria. J Pediatr 107:263–266
Schwaderer AL, Cronin R, Mahan JD, Bates CM (2008) Low bone density in children with hypercalciuria and/or nephrolithiasis. Pediatr Nephrol 23:2209–2214
Sela J, Applebaum J, Uretzky G (1986) Osteogenesis induced by bone matrix is inhibited by inflammation. Biomater Med Devices Artif Organs 14:227–237
Tanaka Y, Nakayamada S, Okada Y (2005) Osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling and inflammation. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 4:325–328
Tsao KC, Wu TL, Chang PY, Sun CF, Wu LL, Wu JT (2007) Multiple risk markers for atherogenesis associated with chronic inflammation are detectable in patients with renal stones. J Clin Lab Anal 21:426–431
van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Cooper C (2002) The epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 13:777–787
Welten DC, Kemper HC, Post GB, Van Mechelen W, Twisk J, Lips P, Teule GJ (1994) Weight-bearing activity during youth is a more important factor for peak bone mass than calcium intake. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res 9: 1089–1096
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors did not receive any funding for this project.
Dr. Schwaderer declares that he has no conflict of interest. Dr. Odugawa declares that she has no conflict of interest. Dr. Kusumi declares that she has no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Our study was approved by the Nationwide Children’s Hospital IRB. This study was a retrospective chart review, thus we did not obtain consent from our subjects. This was approved by the Nationwide Children’s Hospital IRB.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schwaderer, A.L., Oduguwa, A. & Kusumi, K. Urinary stone disease in pediatric and adult metabolic bone clinic patients. Urolithiasis 46, 173–178 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-017-0968-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-017-0968-z