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Urinary Stone, Bone, and Cardiovascular Disease in Children

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Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Nephrolithiasis

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Abstract

Urinary stone disease (USD) is a common condition that affects approximately one in eleven adults [1]. Relapse rates in adults have been shown to be up to 50% within 5–10 years with as many as 75% of patients forming another stone within 20 years [1, 2]. Urinary stone morbidity is associated with the excruciating pain of acute stone episodes as well as urinary tract obstruction and infection. Data has linked USD with multiple systemic disease states including chronic kidney disease (CKD) [3]. In addition, adults with USD have higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) including coronary artery disease, hypertension, acute myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke [4, 5]. Correlation has been found between USD and decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased skeletal fracture rates [6, 7]. The exact mechanisms behind the association of stone, bone, and vascular disease are unknown. Inflammation has indirectly been implicated by the association of common inflammatory metabolic conditions including diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia with USD as well as CVD and bone disease [8]. The natural history of whether urinary stones precede cardiovascular or bone disease development is unclear; however, stone forming children and young adults have shown evidence of early atherosclerosis and suboptimal BMD with increased risk of skeletal fractures [9–11].

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Kyra Deep and Siddhartha Singh of the Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, for their contributions to this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH, USA

    Kirsten Kusumi & Rupesh Raina

  2. The Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA

    Kirsten Kusumi & Rupesh Raina

  3. Department of Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, OH, USA

    Rupesh Raina

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  1. Kirsten Kusumi
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  2. Rupesh Raina
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Correspondence to Kirsten Kusumi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA

    Neil J. Paloian

  2. Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA

    Kristina L. Penniston

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Kusumi, K., Raina, R. (2022). Urinary Stone, Bone, and Cardiovascular Disease in Children. In: Paloian, N.J., Penniston, K.L. (eds) Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Nephrolithiasis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07594-0_14

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