Introduction

Nowadays silicone is a widespread material for medical devices. In particular, it is commonly used for implants manufacturing, for that patients undergoing breast augmentation or breast reconstruction after mastectomy. More than 1.5 million women in the USA have silicone breast implants [1]. In Europe, about two million women have undergone heterologous breast augmentation, while hundreds of thousands have experienced breast reconstruction surgery with silicone implants [2]. The widespread application of silicone implants is a consequence of its biological stability and physical properties, combined with minimal tissue reaction and lack of immunogenicity [3]. However, the use of silicone implants is not free from risks. Most common complications related to the application of silicone gel filled breast implants include capsular contracture, rupture, wrinkling, asymmetry, scarring, pain, exposure, and infection. Rare rupture of silicone breast implants is usually post-traumatic or iatrogenic, usually related to implant’s wall weakness of unknown origin but probably due to biochemical reactions that cause wall rupture [4]. As a consequence of a rupture, silicone gel from damaged implants can have a continuity migration to the chest wall, axillae, and upper extremities, resulting in granulomatous inflammation or siliconomas or a lymphatic migration to axillary lymph nodes. In this regard, silicone thoracic migration is extremely rare. Surgical procedures as thoracic surgery and thoracotomy may cause a breast implant rupture and capsular discontinuity and may be related to intrathoracic silicone migrations, above all when dealing with older breast implant generations. The first case of pleural effusion caused by the rupture of a silicone mammary prosthesis was reported by Stevens et al. in 1987 [5]. Since then, pleural silicone granulomas have rarely been reported in literature [6]. We report on a rare case of a 75-year-old woman presenting with pleural silicone effusion, 18 years after a right breast reconstruction for breast cancer. Extracapsular implant rupture was diagnosed, putting in evidence an exceptional silicone gel fistulization into the pleural space, through a thoracic defect. A technique with a combined muscular flap and pre-pectoral breast reconstruction with biological membrane has been used for treatment. Literature was reviewed for cases of breast implants free silicone localization in the chest cavity, focusing on previous surgeries, anamnestic relevances, and surgical management.

Case report

In May 2018, a 75-year-old woman presented at our Breast Unit Department for right breast deformity (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). She had medical history of treated hypertension, smoking (15 cigarettes/die), gastroesophageal reflux, and serological positivity for HCV. Patient referred a previous right mastectomy and ipsilateral axillary lymphadenectomy for a ductal infiltrating breast cancer, followed by hormone therapy and radiotherapy (February 1990). Delayed retro-pectoral reconstruction with definitive round smooth breast implant (Sebbin, 515 cc) and contralateral breast reduction was performed in December 1990. In June 2015, she had undergone a right upper lobe resection for a lung carcinoma. Total body CT scan was performed in another institution: results showed intra-capsular prosthetic rupture in the right side as well as an extra-capsular rupture in the inferior-medial pole with intercostal prosthetic gel effusion and compression of lung parenchyma (Fig. 3). A breast MRI with contrast was carried out. Images showed the presence of a sub-pectoral breast implant with signs of intra- and extra-capsular rupture in medial pole. A prosthetic intrathoracic gel effusion through a thoracic wall defect of 35 mm was detected. A right upper lung lobe compression was evident at the level of III and IV rib. The herniated fluid was 30 × 60 mm. The silicone diffusion into the chest cavity was suspected to be the consequence of the right upper lung resection causing iatrogenic communication between the breast implant pocket and the chest cavity. Full communication and virtuous cooperation among plastic surgeons, radiologists, and cardio-thoracic surgeons have been essential for confirming the diagnostic hypothesis as well as for targeting a virtuous multidisciplinary management of the case.

Fig. 1
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Preoperative right breast deformity

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Fig. 2
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Preoperative right breast deformity

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Fig. 3
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Silicone effusion in total body CT

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Surgical implant removal was planned after multidisciplinary consultation. Before surgery, patient’s routine laboratory test was within normal limits. Surgical access was performed through previous equatorial scar. An irregular peri-prosthetic capsule was soon identified during right breast dissection. Opening the peri-prosthetic capsule, silicone gel was drained out of the breast cavity. The implant resulted destroyed with wide silicone leaking, and only few fragments of prosthetic membrane were identifiable. Interestingly, capsule was very adherent to the surrounding tissues (pectoralis major muscle band, subcutaneous fat, thoracic wall, ribs). A complex capsulectomy was performed until thoracic breach. Similar mixed fluid with silicone gel was found down in the thoracic cavity and was gently removed with a mechanical cleaning of the cavity. Functional tests of lung iper- and ipo-expansion were performed. It was not necessary to dissect pleural cavity. An accurate hemostasis and washing with saline solution were performed. Thoracic wall reconstruction was performed using a pectoralis major flap sutured in vicryl 3/0. Suction drainage was placed into the pocket. We performed a pre-pectoral breast reconstruction with round smooth prosthetic (Mentor, 300 cc) and biological membrane (Braxon), fixed to the thoracic wall with stitches in vicryl 2/0. Suction drainage and aesthetic suture were placed. A contralateral breast symmetrization with a pre-pectoral round smooth prosthetic (Mentor, 150 cc) was performed at the same time. No complications were reported during the immediate postoperative period. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the 4th postoperative day. At 3- and 6-month follow-up, no complications occurred (Video: Clinical Case and Surgical Treatment).

Video: Clinical Case and Surgical Treatment (MP4 18689 kb)

Literature review

In September 2018, we performed a search in PubMed (National Library of Medicine, NLM) with the aim of finding similar cases in the literature. We used the PubMed keywords shown below: breast OR/AND (implant OR prosthesis) AND (rupture OR effusion) AND/OR (silicon OR siliconoma) AND (thorax OR thoracic OR intrathoracic OR pleura OR pleural). The searches were conducted with no date or language limits. The databases were searched from the inception date forward. The reference lists of the selected papers were subsequently reviewed for additional papers. Full-text papers were retrieved according to the selected abstracts and read and screened by three authors. We included all studies describing intra-thoracic complications of previous breast implant surgery. All studies were case reports. The included studies were reviewed using a descriptive checklist including the first author, year of publication, patient characteristic, prosthesis characteristic, and other surgeries than that of prosthesis implantation and anamnestic relevances (Table 1). We retrieved 17 articles that were all reviewed as described above. The included papers were published from 1987 to 2015.

Table 1 Literature review
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We retrieved 40 articles, which was reduced to 26 after removing duplicates. These 26 articles were reviewed as described above, only 17 papers that described implants ruptures with silicone thoracic migration were described and clearly defined. We found several studies describing different silicone diffusion or suspected silicone polmonitis that were not included.

Discussion

Silicone has been used for many years in cosmetic and reconstructive breast surgery. When first introduced, it was thought to be relatively inert and to cause minimal tissue reaction. However, there have been several reports of foreign body reactions occurring in response to the presence of free silicone, both in animal experiments’ and in clinical practice [7,8,9,10,11,12]. The histological features reported in these cases have shown mixed cellular infiltrate of histiocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, multinuclear giant cell granulomas, and macrophages with foamy cytoplasm. As in the case presented, after silicone implant rupture, free silicone may migrate throw areas of least resistance. The frequency of rupture of silicone breast implants is unknown but is a well-known occurrence, occurring at the time of insertion or during manual compression, after chest wall trauma or by iatrogenic causes. A minimum of 15% of modern implants can be expected to rupture between the third and tenth year after implantation [13]. Brown et al. found that 77% of women with silicone breast implants, without regard to complaints or symptoms, had at least one breast implant rupture; median implant age at the time of rupture was 10.8 years [14]. Extruded silicone, due to a breast implant failure, causes areas of inflammation, silicone granulomas, in the breast and surrounding tissues, including axillary lymph nodes, leading to the formation of pseudotumors [15, 16].Diagnosis of ruptured implants is difficult and is performed with physical examination, mammography, breast ultrasound, CT, and MRI. None of these techniques can detect all ruptures; CT and MRI detect approximately 80% and 90%, respectively [17, 18].

M.R. Stevens was the first author to report a pleural effusion occurring as a result of ruptured breast prostheses 5 years after implantation [5]. The implant rupture was caused by a chest trauma, and the author treated the pleural effusion with a complete aspiration of pleural fluid obtaining complete resolution of the symptoms. Even Hirdmand et al., in 1994, treated a similar pleural effusion by aspiration through a thoracentesis defect [19]. In this case, the implants were 20 years old (breast augmentation), and no clear etiology of migration was found. The patient only had capsulotomies 2 years after breast augmentation for capsular contracture. Breast implant failure associated to surgical procedures had instead been well documented in 1993, by Taupmann et al., that showed a singular case of silicone migration in pleural cavity due to a failed thoracocentesis under ultrasonic guidance. The breast prosthesis of a 13-year-old was nicked or traversed by the chest tube, allowing egress of silicone down the outside of the chest tube into pleural cavity [20]. Rice et al. in 1995 reported on a post-surgical silicone pleural effusion due to a complication of tube thoracostomy in the presence of mammary implants positioned 15 years before [21]. A tube thoracostomy was placed to drain a post-traumatic pleural effusion. Failure of this procedure nicked prosthesis integrity and developed a pleural effusion complicated by a Staphylococcus aureus supra-infection. Clinical resolution was obtained by thoracotomy and pleural decortication, silicone evacuation, breast implant removal, and antibiotics [22]. In 2005, Levine et al. and in 2015 Tanaka et al. described cases of fibrothorax, mimicking a mesothelioma, related to a breast implant rupture and silicone effusion during a cardiac-thoracic surgery procedure [23, 24]. Moreover, in 2009, Dragu et al. and in 2012 Di Carlo et al. reported a similar intrapulmonary silicon effusion, for aesthetic and reconstructive breast implant failure, respectively, related to lobectomy procedure and remote thoracic scar, mimicking breast metastasis or primitives lung cancer [6, 25]. A similar case was reported by Sykes in 2012 and Lehoux in 2013, but silicone effusion occurred through a remote scar of chest wall caused by a video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) procedure [26, 27]. Silicone effusion is not the only complication that may involve the chest cavity. In fact, a different pressure between intrathoracic cavity and extrathoracic tissues can lead to the complete migration of a breast implant through a chest wall interruption, elicited by physical exercise, compression, and implant liquidity [28,29,30]. Chest wall interruption may have different etiologies like trauma, congenital conditions and iatrogenic, as report by Metha et al. [31]. The authors describe a breast implant migration, 14 years later a breast augmentation, through a chest wall interruption due to thoracotomy for lung cancer. Another case of chest wall interruption after surgery was described in 2015 by Russel et al that shown an intrathoracic removal of breast implant following VATS procedure [32]. Silicone implant failure may be clinically silent, and usually, it is more likely to be found in the “old generation” silicone prosthesis placed more than two decades ago. As biomaterial science has recently developed, thanks to multilayers implants and cohesive silicone gel implants, the risk of implant failure and free silicone diffusion is greatly reduced. In fact, a leakage is unlikely to happen with more modern cohesive silicone gel implants, so this kind of complication is likely to become even more rare. Apart from some exceptional circumstances, in fact, cohesive silicone will not easily spread to the surrounding tissue; however, silicone present in older generations of implants can be subject to wide dissemination. For these reasons, some authors suggest replacing all implants used before the era of double lumen and cohesive silicone gel implants with new and modern implants [33, 34].We present a rare case of pleural silicone effusion through a chest wall defect with consequent granulomas, 18 years after a right breast reconstruction for breast cancer, treated with a multidisciplinary approach with thoracic surgeons and radiologists. We performed a breast implant removal, and fluid silicone was drained out of the breast cavity. Chest wall integrity was restored with a pectoralis major flap and a pre-pectoral breast reconstruction with the support of a biological membrane. To date, biomaterials evolution and surgical techniques evolution allow more accurate surgical treatments using breast implants with synthetic mesh and membrane [35,36,37,38]. In our case, we performed a pre-pectoral breast reconstruction with breast implant and synthetic membrane, using pectoralis major muscle to cover thoracic gap and restore chest wall integrity and to allow implant placement. Reviewing the literature, thoracic effusion of silicon after breast implant rupture is a rare event. Nevertheless, in the majority of cases recorded, a previous surgical procedure involving chest wall is reported. This condition may cause the interruption in the chest wall as well as develop a “locus minoris resistencia” at the level of the scars, representing prerequisites for a silicon migration in cases of extracapsular implant ruptures. We are glad to present an original surgical procedure to treat, for the first time, thoracic silicone effusion after breast implant rupture with a pre-pectoral major reconstruction using breast implant and synthetic membrane. Chest wall suture and pectoralis major flap have guaranteed restoration of chest wall integrity by a hermetic fistula closure. Functional and cosmetic results gratified patient and surgeons. As reported in our case, the patient did not refer any respiratory symptoms. Nevertheless, thoracic cavity involvement may be either clinically silent or symptomatic, depending on the pulmonary enrollment. Lung compression or bronchial obstruction may determine respiratory distress syndrome or acute, and chronic, pneumonitis events. In this regard, even though this is a not very common event, it still represents a real potential complication that plastic surgeons should keep in mind when dealing with patients with breast implants who have experienced or are planning surgical thoracic procedures. No official guidelines for follow-up after breast prosthesis implantation are currently available, though targeted radiological protocols should be considered in all patients with suspected breast implants rupture, who underwent surgical procedures involving the chest wall [33]. Cooperation among plastic surgeons, radiologists, and cardio-thoracic surgeons should be mandatory in order to manage such a complex clinical scenario.

Conclusions

We presented a rare case of pleural migration of free silicone after right breast implants failure through a chest wall interruption. Literature has been deeply reviewed searching for all references about similar events. Chest wall surgical procedures and old generation breast implants represent to date the main risk factors of thoracic silicone migration, but the real incidence of these cases could be misdiagnosed or underestimated. Full communication among the different specialists involved in the multidisciplinary approach is always recommended.