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A critical review on the effect of nanorefrigerant and nanolubricant on the performance of heat transfer cycles

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Abstract

Nowadays, nanorefrigerants have been focused across the globe to improve the heat transfer characteristics of cooling units. Incorporating high thermal conductivity nanoparticles to the conventional refrigerants presented broad facts such as increased heat transfer coefficients, improved pool boiling inside closed cycles, enhanced COP, reduced compressor energy consumption of domestic refrigerators, and enhanced heat transfer rate during the two-phase flow of fluids. The present article focused on comprehensive experimental and numerical research reports of nanorefrigerants and nanolubricants. The heat and mass transfer and thermophysical characters such as viscous behavior, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density have been discussed for various facts like flow condensation of fluids, evaporation, refrigerants pool boiling, and other related processes. The results showed that the volume concentration, diameter, and length of particles have a significant and crucial impact on the heat transfer rate and characteristics of pure refrigerants. Based on the available reports, it can say that the application of nanoparticles in pure refrigerants may enhance its features by about 50 – 60%. Further, the proposed correlations available in the literature for nanorefrigerants have been well discussed.

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Abbreviations

A :

Area (m2)

\({C}_{P}\) :

Specific heat (J/kg K)

d :

Diameter (mm)

F HT :

Nanoparticles impact factor

f :

Friction factor

Fr :

Froude number

g :

Gram

h :

Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)

I :

Electric current (A)

G :

Mass flux (kg/m2 s)

\({R}_{p}\) :

Maximum roughness peak height (µm)

M :

Molecular mass (kg/k mole)

Nu :

Nusselt number

Pr :

Prandtl number

q’ :

Heat flux (kW/m2)

Re :

Raynolds number

T :

Temperature (°C)

V :

Voltage (V)

We :

Webber number

x :

Vapor quality

X tt :

Martinelli number

Δ :

Difference

λ :

Thermal conductivity (W/m K)

\(\rho\) :

Density (kg/m3)

µ :

Viscosity (Pa s)

\(\varphi\) :

Mass fraction (%

avg:

Average

cr:

Critical (thermodynamic critical point)

i:

Inlet

o:

Outlet

r:

Refrigerant

n:

Nanoparticles

nr:

Nanorefrigerant

o:

Oil

w:

Water

wall:

Wall temperature

t:

Time

sat:

Saturated

sup:

Superheated

vol:

Volume

gas:

Gaseous state

nm:

Nano meter

m:

Meter

p:

Particles

Ɩ:

Liquid

L:

Litre

Ag:

Silver

Al2O3 :

Alumina oxide

ASHRAE:

American society of heating, refrigeration and air conditioning engineers

CFC:

Chlorofluorocarbon

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics

COF:

Coefficient of friction

COP:

Coefficient of performance

CuO:

Copper oxide

EU:

European union

F:

Friction factor

GWP:

Global warming potential

HC:

Hydrocarbon

HCFC:

Hydrochlorofluorocarbon

HFC:

Hydro fluorocarbon

HTC:

Heat transfer coefficient

HVAC:

Heat ventilation and air conditioning

K:

Kelvin

LPG:

Liquid petroleum gas

MAC:

Mobile air conditioning

MgO:

Magnesium oxide

MO:

Mineral oil

MWCNT:

Multi wall carbon nano tubes

NH3 :

Ammonia

NPs:

Nanoparticles

ODP:

Ozone depletion potential

PAG:

Poly alkylene glycol

POE:

Polyester

SAE:

Society of automotive engineers

SDBS:

Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate

SiO2 :

Silica oxide

TiO2 :

Titanium oxide

UV:

Ultraviolet

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

ZrO2 :

Zirconium oxide

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India

    Ravinder Kumar, Dwesh K. Singh & Subhash Chander

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Kumar, R., Singh, D.K. & Chander, S. A critical review on the effect of nanorefrigerant and nanolubricant on the performance of heat transfer cycles. Heat Mass Transfer 58, 1507–1531 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-022-03194-2

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