Washington units, semispecial units, and annihilation of class groups

Abstract

Special units are a sort of predecessor of Euler systems, and they are mainly used to obtain annihilators for class groups. So one is interested in finding as many special units as possible (actually we use a technical generalization called “semispecial”). In this paper we show that in any abelian field having a real genus field in the narrow sense all Washington units are semispecial, and that a slightly weaker statement holds true for all abelian fields. The group of Washington units is very often larger than Sinnott’s group of cyclotomic units. In a companion paper we will show that in concrete families of abelian fields the group of Washington units is much larger than that of Sinnott units, by giving lower bounds on the index. Combining this with the present paper gives strong annihilation results.

By an abelian field, we will always mean a finite abelian extension K of ${\mathbb {Q}}$. The first aim of this note is to show that under a suitable definition of semispecialness all Washington units of an abelian field with real genus field (in the narrow sense) are semispecial. Washington units are a certain kind of circular units; for the precise definition see below. This occupies the first section. In the second section, we prove a somewhat weaker result for abelian fields whose genus field is imaginary; this will not be used in the sequel.

The main reason why one is interested in semispecial numbers or units in an abelian field K is that they lead to annihilation statements for the class group of K. Semispecial units are a generalization of Rubin’s notion of “special units” (see [7]), and these special units were used by Rubin, based on pioneering work of Thaine, to obtain annihilation statements for class groups. Shortly after that, the theory of Euler systems was developed, which has led to spectacular results about the structure of class groups and Main Conjectures, but we will not be concerned with Euler systems here. It has turned out that in some situations, special units are hard to come by, so we were led to the notion of “semispecial units”, which is maybe less pleasant to the eye but more pliable, and still can be used to obtain annihilation results for class groups. In the last section of this note, we will explain why an annihilation result of this kind that was proved in earlier work of the authors for a very restricted class of real abelian fields remains valid for many more abelian fields. The immediate purpose of this is to lay the ground for another paper of ours, in which we treat a particular class of abelian fields K with $\ell$-elementary Galois group, where $\ell$ is an odd prime. For more indications what we can prove about them and why we consider this class to be interesting, see the third section. For the moment, let us just say that the fields in that class have interesting Washington units, obtainable as deep roots of Sinnott units, and that the annihilation result made available in the present paper does produce nontrivial and new insight on the structure of the class group of fields in the subclass, and that the class number of these fields is highly $\ell$-divisible.

We close this introduction by defining semispecial elements (so the reader will know what the next sections are all about), and recalling the notion of Washington units. Let us fix an odd prime number $\ell$. The ring of integers in any number field L will be written ${{\mathcal {O}}}_L$; conforming with this, the group of units attached to L is written ${{\mathcal {O}}}_L^\times$.

FormalPara Definitions

• (i) Let K be any abelian field and let M be any power of $\ell$. For any prime $q \equiv 1 \pmod M$ let K(q) be the compositum of K with the cyclic field ${\mathbb {Q}}(q)$ of absolute degree M and conductor q. Let P be the set of rational primes that ramify in K.

• (ii) Let ${\mathcal {Q}}_M$ denote the set of all prime numbers q that are totally split in K, congruent to $1+M$ modulo $M^2$ and have the property that each $p\in P$ is an Mth power modulo q.

• (iii) An element $\varepsilon \in K^\times$ will be called M-semispecial if for all but finitely many q in ${\mathcal {Q}}_M$, there exists $\varepsilon _q\in {\mathcal {O}}_{K(q)}^\times$ satisfying two conditions, called “norm condition” and “congruence condition” respectively:

  • ${\text {N}}_{K(q)/K}(\varepsilon _q)=1$;

  • If ${\tilde{q}}$ is the product of all primes of K(q) dividing q, then $\varepsilon$ and $\varepsilon _q$ have the same image in $({{\mathcal {O}}}_{K(q)}/{\tilde{q}})^\times /(({{\mathcal {O}}}_{K(q)}/{\tilde{q}})^\times )^M$.

• (iv) An element $\varepsilon \in K^\times$ will be called semispecial (with respect to the fixed prime $\ell$) if for any $\ell$-power $M'$ there exists a larger $\ell$-power M such that $\varepsilon$ is M-semispecial.

The group of cyclotomic units is, in principle, only defined if K is a full cyclotomic field. For any abelian field K, one has the group of Sinnott circular units. This group is, roughly speaking, generated by norms of cyclotomic units from suitably chosen cyclotomic fields. Every Sinnott unit is semispecial; this is a fairly easy consequence of the distribution relations for cyclotomic units. If K is an abelian field, an element $x\in K$ is called a Washington unit if it is a cyclotomic unit in the smallest cyclotomic field containing K. In particular, if K is itself a full cyclotomic field, then Washington units, Sinnott units, and cyclotomic units are all the same thing. In general, the group of Washington units contains the group of Sinnott units, and we are particularly interested in cases where this inclusion is proper, in a way that can be quantified and exploited.

1 The case where the genus field is real

Let K be an abelian field whose genus field (in the narrow sense) is real. In particular K itself is totally real. We intend to prove that every Washington unit of K is semispecial with respect to any odd prime number $\ell$.

Let $p_1,\dots ,p_s$ be the primes ramified in $K/{\mathbb {Q}}$. For each $j=1,\dots ,s$ let $K_j$ be the abelian field ramified only at $p_j$ such that $\overline{K}=\prod _{j=1}^s K_j$ is the genus field in the narrow sense of K, let $p_j^{a_j}$ be the conductor of $K_j$. As said just above, in this section we assume $\overline{K}$ to be real.

Let us fix an integer $M>1$ (usually large) and a prime $q\equiv 1\pmod {2M}$ such that q splits completely in $K/{\mathbb {Q}}$ and, for each $j=1,\dots ,s$, the prime $p_j$ is an Mth power modulo q. Let ${\mathbb {Q}}(q)$ be the subfield of the qth cyclotomic field of absolute degree M and for any abelian field F let F(q) be the compositum of F and ${\mathbb {Q}}(q)$. Notice that $\overline{K}(q)$ is real.

Let $G={\text {Gal}}(\overline{K}(q)/{\mathbb {Q}}(q))$ and $H={\text {Gal}}(\overline{K}(q)/K(q))$. The restriction gives isomorphisms $G\cong {\text {Gal}}(\overline{K}/{\mathbb {Q}})$ and $H\cong {\text {Gal}}(\overline{K}/K)$; we shall identify these groups via these isomorphisms. We shall also need $G_{(q)}={\text {Gal}}(\overline{K}(q)/{\mathbb {Q}})$.

To make the notation easier, let $p_{s+1}=q$, $a_{s+1}=1$ and $K_{s+1}={\mathbb {Q}}(q)$. For any nonempty $J\subseteq \{1,\dots ,s+1\}$ we introduce $n_J=\prod _{j\in J}p_j^{a_j}$, $\zeta _J=\exp (\frac{2\pi i}{n_J})$, $K_J=\prod _{j\in J}K_j$, and

$$\begin{aligned} \eta _J={\text {N}}_{{\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _J)/K_J}(1-\zeta _J). \end{aligned}$$

We introduce the group of totally positive circular numbers of $\overline{K}$ and $\overline{K}(q)$ as the following Galois modules

$$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal {D}}^+&=\langle \eta _J\mid \emptyset \ne J\subseteq \{1,\dots ,s\}\rangle _{{\mathbb {Z}}[G]}\subset \overline{K}^\times ,\\ {\mathcal {D}}^+_{(q)}&=\langle \eta _J\mid \emptyset \ne J\subseteq \{1,\dots ,s+1\}\rangle _{{\mathbb {Z}}[G_{(q)}]}\subset \overline{K}(q)^\times . \end{aligned}$$

Theorem 1

There is a homomorphism of ${\mathbb {Z}}[G]$-modules $\Psi :{\mathcal {D}}^+\rightarrow {\mathcal {D}}^+_{(q)}$ satisfying $\Psi (\eta _J)=\eta _{J\cup \{s+1\}}$ for any nonempty $J\subseteq \{1,\dots ,s\}$.

Proof

Denote $I=\{1,\dots ,s\}$. Let $U=\langle \rho _J;J\subseteq I\rangle _{{\mathbb {Z}}[G]}$ be the modified Sinnott module defined in [2] with $v=s$, for $T_i={\text {Gal}}(\overline{K}/K_{I-\{i\}})$ being the inertia group of $p_i$ in G and $\lambda _i\in G$ being the Frobenius automorphism of $p_i$ on $\overline{K}$ with trivial action on $K_i$ (Frobenius is determined modulo $T_i$ only). The circular numbers are well-known to satisfy the following norm relations

$$\begin{aligned} \prod _{\tau \in T_i}\eta _{J}^\tau = {\text {N}}_{K_J/K_{J-\{i\}}}(\eta _J)=\eta _{J -\{i\}}^{1-\lambda _i^{-1}}\qquad \hbox {for each } J \subseteq I, \hbox { and each } \{i\}\subsetneq J, \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\begin{aligned} \prod _{\tau \in T_j}\eta _{\{j\}}^\tau = {\text {N}}_{K_j/{\mathbb {Q}}}(\eta _{\{j\}}) = p_j\qquad \hbox {for each } j \in I. \end{aligned}$$

The presentation of U is given in [2, Corollary 1.6(ii)]. However we have to take this opportunity to correct the following misprints appearing there. Instead of the sharp inclusion $N\subsetneq I$, there should simply be the inclusion $N\subseteq I$ in both (1.7) and (1.9) of loc.cit. Notice that the generator $\rho _I=s(G)$ does not interact with the other generators in (1.9), meaning that no relation involves both that generator and any of the others, and that it does not appear in (1.10) loc.cit. at all. Therefore we have a direct sum decomposition $U=\langle \rho _J;J\subsetneq I\rangle _{{\mathbb {Z}}[G]}\oplus (s(G){\mathbb {Z}})$, and hence

$$\begin{aligned} \phi (\rho _J)=\eta _{I-J} \quad \hbox { for each } J\subsetneq I, \qquad \phi (\rho _I)= 1, \end{aligned}$$

defines a surjective homomorphism $\phi :U\rightarrow {\mathcal {D}}^+$ of ${\mathbb {Z}}[G]$-modules. Since the ${\mathbb {Z}}$-rank of U is $[\overline{K}:{\mathbb {Q}}]+s$ and the ${\mathbb {Z}}$-rank of ${\mathcal {D}}^+$ is $[\overline{K}:{\mathbb {Q}}]+s-1$, and U has no ${\mathbb {Z}}$-torsion, we obtain $\ker \phi =\rho _I{\mathbb {Z}}=s(G){\mathbb {Z}}$. This implies the existence of an injective homomorphism of ${\mathbb {Z}}[G]$-modules $\psi :{\mathcal {D}}^+\rightarrow U$ such that

$$\begin{aligned} \psi (\eta _{I-J})=\rho _J \qquad \hbox { for each } J\subsetneq I. \end{aligned}$$

Since the prime $p_i$ is an Mth power modulo q, the Frobenius automorphism of $p_i$ on $\overline{K}(q)$ with trivial action on $K_i$ is equal to $\lambda _i$ for each $i\in I$. Hence for each $J \subseteq I$ and each $i\in J$ we have

$$\begin{aligned} \prod _{\tau \in T_i}\eta _{J\cup \{s+1\}}^\tau = \eta _{J\cup \{s+1\}-\{i\}}^{1-\lambda _i^{-1}} \end{aligned}$$

and [2, Corollary 1.6(ii)] implies that

$$\begin{aligned} {{\tilde{\phi }}}(\rho _J)=\eta _{I\cup \{s+1\}-J} \qquad \hbox { for each } J\subsetneq I, \qquad {{\tilde{\phi }}}(\rho _I)= 1, \end{aligned}$$

defines a homomorphism ${{\tilde{\phi }}}:U\rightarrow {\mathcal {D}}^+_{(q)}$ of ${\mathbb {Z}}[G]$-modules. Now it is clear that $\Psi ={{\tilde{\phi }}}\circ \psi$ satisfies the desired properties. $\square$

Theorem 2

Let ${\text {Frob}}(q)$ be the Frobenius automorphism of q on $\overline{K}$. For any $\varepsilon \in {\mathcal {D}}^+$ we have

$$\begin{aligned} \varepsilon ^{(q-1)/M}&\equiv \Psi (\varepsilon ^{{\text {Frob}}(q)})\quad \hbox {modulo each prime ideal of } \overline{K}(q) \hbox { above } q,\\ {\text {N}}_{\overline{K}(q)/\overline{K}}(\Psi (\varepsilon ))&=\varepsilon ^{1-{\text {Frob}}(q)^{-1}}. \end{aligned}$$

Proof

Since all numbers in ${\mathcal {D}}^+$ are relatively prime to q, it is enough to prove the statement for generators $\eta _J$, $\emptyset \ne J\subseteq \{1,\dots ,s\}$, of ${\mathcal {D}}^+$. We have

$$\begin{aligned} {\text {N}}_{\overline{K}(q)/\overline{K}}(\Psi (\eta _J))= {\text {N}}_{\overline{K}(q)/\overline{K}}(\eta _{J\cup \{s+1\}})= \eta _J^{1-{\text {Frob}}(q)^{-1}}. \end{aligned}$$

There are $a,b\in {\mathbb {Z}}$ such that $an_J+bq=1$, hence, modulo each prime ideal of ${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _{J\cup \{s+1\}})$ above q,

$$\begin{aligned} \zeta _{J\cup \{s+1\}}=\exp (\tfrac{2\pi i}{qn_J})=\zeta _{\{s+1\}}^a\cdot \zeta _J^b\equiv \zeta _J^b, \end{aligned}$$

and so

$$\begin{aligned} 1-\zeta _{J\cup \{s+1\}}\equiv 1-\zeta _J^b=(1-\zeta _J)^{{\text {Frob}}(q)^{-1}}. \end{aligned}$$

Taking norms with respect to ${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _{J\cup \{s+1\}})/{\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _{J})(q)$ we get

$$\begin{aligned} {\text {N}}_{{\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _{J\cup \{s+1\}})/{\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _{J})(q)}(1-\zeta _{J\cup \{s+1\}})\equiv ((1-\zeta _J)^{{\text {Frob}}(q)^{-1}})^{(q-1)/M}, \end{aligned}$$

(1)

and taking norms with respect to ${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _{J})(q)/K_{J\cup \{s+1\}}$ we finally obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \Psi (\eta _J)=\eta _{J\cup \{s+1\}}&= {\text {N}}_{{\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _{J\cup \{s+1\}})/K_{J\cup \{s+1\}}}(1-\zeta _{J\cup \{s+1\}})\\ {}&\equiv {\text {N}}_{{\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _{J})/K_{J}}((1-\zeta _J)^{{\text {Frob}}(q)^{-1}})^{(q-1)/M}=(\eta _J^{{\text {Frob}}(q)^{-1}})^{(q-1)/M}. \end{aligned}$$

In the last-but-one step (the $\equiv$ sign) we have used the congruence (1) above, and two more things: the fields $K_J(q)$ and $K_{J\cup \{s+1\}}$ are the same by definition, and since $1-\zeta _J$ is in ${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _J)$, it makes no difference whether we apply ${\text {N}}_{{\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _J)(q)/K_J(q)}$ or ${\text {N}}_{{\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _{J})/K_{J}}$.

The theorem follows. $\square$

We now are able to prove that $\varepsilon \in {\mathcal {D}}^+\cap K$ is always semispecial. This is already almost contained in the following result.

Corollary 3

For any $\varepsilon \in {\mathcal {D}}^+\cap K$ we have $\Psi (\varepsilon )\in K(q)$,

$$\begin{aligned} \varepsilon ^{(q-1)/M}\equiv \Psi (\varepsilon )\quad \hbox {modulo each prime ideal of } \overline{K}(q) \hbox { above } q, \end{aligned}$$

and ${\text {N}}_{\overline{K}(q)/\overline{K}}(\Psi (\varepsilon ))=1$.

Proof

For each $\tau \in H$ we have $\varepsilon ^{1-\tau }=1$ and so $\Psi (\varepsilon )^{1-\tau }=1$. The rest follows from the assumption that q splits completely in $K/{\mathbb {Q}}$. $\square$

Recall that we are assuming: K is an abelian field whose genus field in the narrow sense is real. We now can show:

Proposition 4

Every $\varepsilon \in {\mathcal {D}}^+\cap K$ is M-semispecial for any $\ell$-power M, and in particular semispecial (with respect to any odd prime $\ell$). This applies in particular if $\varepsilon$ is a Washington unit in K.

Proof

From the hypothesis $q \equiv 1+M$ (mod $M^2$) we see that $(q-1)/M \equiv 1$ (mod M). This, taken together with Corollary 3 and the fact that by Theorem 1 the image of $\Psi$ consists of units only, gives the statement at once. $\square$

2 The case when the genus field is imaginary

In this section we drop the assumption of the previous section that the field K and its genus field in the narrow sense are real. That is, we simply assume that K is an abelian field. In this situation we will only obtain a somewhat weaker result, and therefore this section is interesting only for fields whose genus field is imaginary. Moreover this weaker result will not be used in the rest of this paper.

Again we assume that we are given an integer M and a prime q fulfilling the same assumptions as in the previous section. Instead of working in $\overline{K}$ and $\overline{K}(q)$, in this section we shall work in ${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)$ and ${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)(q)$, where $I=\{1,\dots ,s\}$. Hence in this section we define

$$\begin{aligned} G&={\text {Gal}}({\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)(q)/{\mathbb {Q}}(q)),\\ H&={\text {Gal}}({\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)(q)/K(q)). \end{aligned}$$

For each $i\in I$ we enlarge the inertia subgroup

$$\begin{aligned} G_i={\text {Gal}}({\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)(q)/{\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _{I-\{i\}})(q)) \end{aligned}$$

by a new element $g_i^*$ to the commutative semigroup $G_i^*$, where $g_i^*\tau =g_i^*$ for any $\tau \in G_i^*$ (the new elements $g_i^*$ are supposed to be different for different indices i). Then G is a subsemigroup of the product of semigroups $G^*=\prod _{i\in I}G_i^*$ and the additive group of the semigroup ring ${\mathbb {Z}}[G^*]$ is a ${\mathbb {Z}}[G]$-module (the action of G on ${\mathbb {Z}}[G^*]$ is given by the multiplication).

We introduce the group of circular numbers of ${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)$ and ${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)(q)$ as the following Galois modules

$$\begin{aligned} {\mathcal {D}}&=\bigl \langle 1-\zeta _J\mid \emptyset \ne J\subseteq I\bigr \rangle _{{\mathbb {Z}}[G]}\subset {\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)^\times ,\\ {\mathcal {D}}_{(q)}&=\bigl \langle \eta _J\mid \emptyset \ne J\subseteq I\cup \{s+1\}\bigr \rangle _{{\mathbb {Z}}[G_{(q)}]}\subset {\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)(q)^\times , \end{aligned}$$

where $G_{(q)}={\text{ Gal }}({\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)(q)/ {\mathbb {Q}})$ and

$$\begin{aligned} \eta _J=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} 1-\zeta _J &{} \quad \text { if } J\subseteq I,\\ {\text {N}}_{{\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _J)/{\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _{J-\{s+1\}})(q)}(1-\zeta _J) &{} \quad \text { otherwise}. \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}$$

Here we use the convention that ${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _\emptyset )$ means ${\mathbb {Q}}$. Admittedly it is not pretty but it does simplify notation.

Let j be the complex conjugation. Consider the mappings $\pi :{\mathcal {D}}\rightarrow {\mathcal {D}}^{1+j}$ and $\pi _{(q)}:{\mathcal {D}}_{(q)}\rightarrow {\mathcal {D}}_{(q)}^{1+j}$ sending each $\varepsilon$ to $\varepsilon ^{1+j}$. It is well known that the kernels of these mappings contain just the roots of unity, see [8, Lemma 4.1(i)], so $\ker \pi =\ker \pi _{(q)}=\langle -\zeta _I\rangle$. Notice that the intersection of ${\mathcal {D}}^{1+j}$ and of the group of units of ${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)$ is equal to the Sinnott group of circular units of ${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)^+$, the maximal real subfield of ${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)$, see [6].

Theorem 5

There is a homomorphism of ${\mathbb {Z}}[G]$-modules $\Psi :{\mathcal {D}}^{1+j}\rightarrow {\mathcal {D}}_{(q)}^{1+j}$ satisfying $\Psi (\eta _J^{1+j})=\eta _{J\cup \{s+1\}}^{1+j}$ for any nonempty $J\subseteq \{1,\dots ,s\}$.

Proof

We define a surjective ${\mathbb {Z}}[G]$-linear map $\vartheta :{\mathbb {Z}}[G^*]\rightarrow {\mathcal {D}}$ by

$$\begin{aligned} \vartheta \left( \prod _{i\in I - J}g_i^*\right) = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} 1-\zeta _J&{}\quad \hbox {if } J\ne \emptyset ,\\ 1&{}\quad \hbox {if } J=\emptyset , \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}$$

for any $J\subseteq I$. Following [5] we define ${\mathcal {I}}_3$ as the ${\mathbb {Z}}[G]$-submodule of ${\mathbb {Z}}[G^*]$ generated by $(1-j){\mathbb {Z}}[G^*]$ and by

$$\begin{aligned} \left( s(G_i)-g_i^*(1-\lambda _i^{-1})\right) \prod _{k\in V}g_k^* \end{aligned}$$

for all $i\in I$ and all $V\subsetneq I-\{i\}$. Using [5, Proposition 4.4 and Theorem 4.5], for each $Q\subseteq I$, |Q| odd, $|Q|>1$, we have $\beta _Q\in {\mathbb {Z}}[G^*]$ such that $2\beta _Q\in {\mathcal {I}}_3$ and that

$$\begin{aligned} \ker (\pi \circ \vartheta )={\mathcal {I}}_3+\langle \{\beta _Q\mid Q\subseteq I,\,|Q|\hbox { odd},\,|Q|>1\}\cup \{g^*\}\rangle , \end{aligned}$$

where $g^*= \prod _{i\in I}g_i^*$. We define a ${\mathbb {Z}}[G]$-linear map $\vartheta _{(q)}:{\mathbb {Z}}[G^*]\rightarrow {\mathcal {D}}_{(q)}$ by

$$\begin{aligned} \vartheta _{(q)}\bigl (\prod _{i\in I - J}g_i^*\bigr )= \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \eta _{J\cup \{s+1\}} &{}\quad \hbox {if } J\ne \emptyset ,\\ 1&{}\quad \hbox {if } J=\emptyset , \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}$$

for any $J\subseteq I$. Since ${\mathcal {I}}_3\subseteq \ker (\pi _{(q)}\circ \vartheta _{(q)})$ and ${\mathcal {D}}_{(q)}^{1+j}$ has no ${\mathbb {Z}}$-torsion, we get $\ker (\pi \circ \vartheta )\subseteq \ker (\pi _{(q)}\circ \vartheta _{(q)})$. Since $\pi \circ \vartheta$ is surjective, this inclusion implies there is a ${\mathbb {Z}}[G]$-linear map $\Psi :{\mathcal {D}}^{1+j}\rightarrow {\mathcal {D}}_{(q)}^{1+j}$ satisfying $\Psi (\eta _J^{1+j})=\eta _{J\cup \{s+1\}}^{1+j}$ for any $\emptyset \ne J\subseteq I$. $\square$

Theorem 6

Let ${\text {Frob}}(q)$ be the Frobenius automorphism of q on ${\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)$. For any $\varepsilon \in {\mathcal {D}}^{1+j}$ we have

$$\begin{aligned} \varepsilon ^{(q-1)/M}&\equiv \Psi (\varepsilon ^{{\text {Frob}}(q)})\quad \hbox {modulo each prime ideal of } {\mathbb {Q}}(\zeta _I)(q) \hbox { above } q,\\ {\text {N}}_{\overline{K}(q)/\overline{K}}(\Psi (\varepsilon ))&=\varepsilon ^{1-{\text {Frob}}(q)^{-1}}. \end{aligned}$$

Proof

This can be proven using (1) just as Theorem 2. $\square$

Corollary 7

For any $\varepsilon \in {\mathcal {D}}^{1+j}\cap K$ we have $\Psi (\varepsilon )\in K(q)$,

$$\begin{aligned} \varepsilon ^{(q-1)/M}\equiv \Psi (\varepsilon )\quad \hbox {modulo each prime ideal of } \overline{K}(q) \hbox { above } q, \end{aligned}$$

and ${\text {N}}_{\overline{K}(q)/\overline{K}}(\Psi (\varepsilon ))=1$.

Proof

See the proof of Corollary 3. $\square$

Proposition 8

Every $\varepsilon \in K$ which can be written as $u^{1+j}$ with some $u\in {\mathcal {D}}$ is M-semispecial for every $\ell$-power M, and in particular semispecial (with respect to any odd prime $\ell$). This applies in particular if $\varepsilon$ is the square of a real Washington unit in K.

Proof

See the proof of Proposition 4. $\square$

3 Semispecial elements and annihilation

We begin this section by stating a close analog of Theorem 12 in [1], which will be an important tool in ongoing work of the authors (for more details please see below). There have been several previous occasions where we needed to adapt certain results of this type to fit a slightly larger framework, and so far we have painstakingly explained what needs to be done. However, the case at hand is so straightforward that a few remarks should suffice to explain why all main steps of the proof given in loc.cit. remain valid in our setting. It is remarkable, and perhaps even a little bit embarrassing, that almost none of the conditions that we imposed on K in loc.cit. are actually needed. We continue to assume that $\ell$ is a fixed odd prime, unless otherwise stated.

Theorem 9

Let K be any abelian field in which $\ell$ is unramified, and let $G={\text {Gal}}(K/{\mathbb {Q}})$. Fix a large $\ell$-power M, and assume that $\varepsilon \in K^\times$ is M-semispecial. Moreover suppose that $V\subset K^\times /(K^\times )^M$ is a finitely generated ${\mathbb {Z}}[G]$-submodule containing $\varepsilon$. Let $\alpha : V \rightarrow {\mathbb {Z}}/M[G]$ be any ${\mathbb {Z}}[G]$-linear map whose restriction to $V \cap {\mathbb {Q}}$ is zero. Then $\alpha (\varepsilon )$ annihilates $Cl(K)/(M\cdot Cl(K))$.

Remark

The abuse of notation $V \cap {\mathbb {Q}}$ seems to go back to Rubin; it stands for the intersection of V and ${\mathbb {Q}}^\times (K^\times )^M/(K^\times )^M$ inside $K^\times /(K^\times )^M$. When we apply the theorem in our companion paper [3], V will actually be the image of the unit group ${{\mathcal {O}}}_K^\times$, so it is possible to identify V with ${{\mathcal {O}}}_K^\times (K^\times )^M/(K^\times )^M$. We would like to mention an interesting and somewhat surprising point: Even though ${{\mathcal {O}}}_K^\times$ has no G-fixed elements (except $\pm 1$ which do not matter modulo M), the quotient ${{\mathcal {O}}}_K^\times (K^\times )^M/(K^\times )^M$ always has nontrivial G-fixed elements (this is true for any $\ell$-group acting on any nonzero finite ${\mathbb {Z}}_\ell$-module), and one may show that this implies: $V\cap {\mathbb {Q}}$ is nontrivial as well. So the condition that $\alpha$ has to be trivial on $V\cap {\mathbb {Q}}$ cannot be ignored even if V is made up of units.

Comments on the proof:

All references are to [1]. Let us simply scan the proof of Theorem 12, as written up there from below middle of page 193 until the end of text; the main issue is to make sure that the auxiliary results still hold. Theorem 17 remains literally true. The technical core in the argument are the disjointness statements gathered in Lemma 18. In the proof of part (a), the main point is that the Galois group of $K(\zeta _{M^2}) / K$ is as large as it can be, that is, isomorphic to $({\mathbb {Z}}/M^2)^\times$. And this is insured by just assuming that the odd prime $\ell$ (which is denoted p in loc.cit.) does not ramify in K. The same goes for part (b), and the argument for (c) has nothing to do with G being cyclic or not. Obviously, the definition of $e_0$ on line 8 of p.195 has to be rewritten; the proper way is of course $e_0 (\sum _{\sigma \in G} a_\sigma \cdot \sigma ) := \zeta _M^{a_1}$, where 1 is (abusive) notation for the neutral element of G. The last ingredient is Theorem 19, which comes from a paper of Rubin, and there K (written F in that paper) was supposed to be abelian over the base field (written K in that paper) and this base field is just ${\mathbb {Q}}$ in our case. This concludes our review of the proof given in loc.cit.

Let us make one very technical remark, for the benefit of those readers which are familiar with [1] or actually go through our comparison arguments. We no longer need to use the auxiliary quantity $M'=M/\ell ^{s-1}$. This makes the proof simpler; the semispeciality condition, as formulated and proved in the present paper, now gives a congruence modulo M, not $M'$, and the transition from “modulo M” to “modulo $M'$” that was required on page 197 of loc.cit. disappears.

Before we continue, let us mention in passing that it is possible to state and prove an analog of the preceding theorem for $\ell =2$. This was done by Herman [4]. To make this work, a few technical changes are necessary; let us only mention the most important one. In the definition of “semispecial”, the congruence $q\equiv 1+M$ (mod $M^2$) has to be replaced by $q\equiv 1+2M$ (mod $M^2$). Observe that now M is a 2-power.

Let us now describe to what purpose we will use the previous result in ongoing work [3]. There we study a certain class of real abelian fields, which we now define. Let $\ell$ be a fixed odd prime, $t>1$ an integer, and $K_1,\ldots ,K_t$ a list of t abelian fields of degree $\ell$ over ${\mathbb {Q}}$ (in particular Gal$(K_i/{\mathbb {Q}})$ is cyclic for all $1\le i\le t$), and denote by $P_i$ the set of rational primes that ramify in $K_i$. We moreover assume that the sets $P_i$ ($1\le i \le t)$ are mutally disjoint and do not contain $\ell$. Let K $=K_1\cdots K_t$ be the compositum of the $K_i$ and let $G={\text {Gal}}(K/{\mathbb {Q}})$. Recall that a Washington unit of K is a unit of K which is also a cyclotomic number in the conductor-level cyclotomic field.

We now impose an extra condition. Two abelian fields $K'$ and $K''$ are called arithmetically orthogonal (just orthogonal for short) if every prime that ramifies in $K'$ is totally split in $K''$ and vice versa. We demand that the fields $K_1,\ldots , K_t$ are pairwise orthogonal and that at least one of the sets $P_i$ has more than one element. This hypothesis allows us to find “unexpected” Washington units, and leads to sharper annihilation results, in the style of Thaine and Rubin, than those afforded by Sinnott units. It has been known that the latter are semispecial, but the more semispecial units we have, the better the annihilation results will turn out.

A little more precisely: Under the above orthogonality assumption, we show that there are specific Washington units $\varepsilon _T \in K$, one for each nonempty subset T of $\{1,\ldots ,t\}$, such that the group ${\bar{C}}$ obtained by adjoining all conjugates of all $\varepsilon _T$ to $C_K$ (the group of Sinnott units of K) is much larger than $C_K$ (of course this is quantified precisely). The existence proof for these new Washington units is rather long and technical. (By the way, this is one of the main reasons for distributing our material over two papers.) To give the reader an idea of the strength of this result, we mention one consequence. If s denotes the cardinality of the union $P_1 \cup \ldots \cup P_t$, then we obtain that the class number $h_K$ is divisible by $\ell ^{(s-t)\ell ^{t-1}}$. We also prove a result in the spirit of Thaine and Rubin, stating that up to an explicit technical factor the annihilator of ${{\mathcal {O}}}_K^\times /{\bar{C}}$ annihilates the $\ell$-part of the class group of K. Moreover we will give numerical examples for these phenomena in [3], but for this we have to restrict ourselves to $t=2$ and $\ell =3$ since otherwise the degree of K would become too large.