Abstract
Gaidropsarus Rafinesque, 1810 is a genus of marine teleost characterized by a high ecological diversity and by species inhabiting from the intertidal zone to the deep-sea. Several taxonomic conundrums have been historically present in this taxon due to its conservative morphology and the lack of available specimens. Species delimitation analyses were carried out in multiple datasets combining both mitochondrial (COI, CytB, ND2) and nuclear (Rho, ZIC1) genetic markers. Despite some incongruence between mitochondrial and nuclear data, the analyses supported the synonymy between Gaidropsarus biscayensis and Gaidropsarus macrophthalmus and the molecular confirmation of a recently new described species Gaidropsarus gallaeciae, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, recent speciation events can explain the close relationships among several Gaidropsarus species, including Gaidropsarus granti–Gaidropsarus vulgaris and Gaidropsarus argentatus–Gaidropsarus ensis. These results support previous findings highlighted through DNA Barcoding analyses. Incongruences between mtDNA and nDNA have arisen between Gaidropsarus guttatus and Gaidropsarus mediterraneus, therefore, further analyses will be necessary to unravel the phenomena related to them.
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Data availability
Molecular data generated during this study consisted of sequences belonging to three mitochondrial (COI; Cytb; ND2) and two nuclear (Rho and ZIC1) markers. All these sequences are deposited in GenBank; all GenBank accession numbers used in are listed in Table 1.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by national funds by FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology through the projects UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020. FCT also supported DBG (DBG 2020.04364.CEECIND) and EF (CEECIND/00627/2017). The authors acknowledge the support and the use of resources of EMBRC-ERIC, specifically of the Portuguese infrastructure node of the European Marine Biological Resource Centre (EMBRC-PT) CIIMAR—PINFRA/22121/2016—ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121, financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through COMPETE2020—Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI) and national funds through FCT/MCTES. The authors would like to thank the staff involved in the following research surveys of the ‘Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC)’: FLEMISH 2015, INDEMARES-BANGAL 0811, FLETÁN ÁRTICO 2015 (Project ECOPESLE) and PORCUPINE 2019. We also extend our thanks to the crews of the Research Vessels ‘Miguel Oliver’ and ‘Vizconde de Eza’ (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Spain). Alberto Serrano (IEO-CSIC) is especially recognized. The IEO research surveys have been funded by the European Union through the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) within the National Program of collection, management and use of data in the fisheries sector and support for scientific advice regarding the Common Fisheries Policy. Thanks are due to João Medeiros for his help in providing specimens from the Azores.
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FB and JCA obtained the samples during oceanographic surveys. ASC was in charge of the laboratory protocols; DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing. DBG carried out the bioinformatic analyses. RB, DBG, AC and EF contributed to the study conception and design. The first draft of the manuscript was written by DBG and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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The samples used in this study were obtained within the framework of the annual oceanographic campaigns carried out by the Spanish Institute of Oceanography in various locations in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea following the established protocols. No species of Gaidropsarus is listed in the IUCN red list as critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, or near-threatened species.
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Barros-García, D., Comesaña, Á.S., Bañón, R. et al. Multilocus species delimitation analyses show junior synonyms and deep-sea unknown species of genus Gaidropsarus (Teleostei: Gadiformes) in the North Atlantic/Mediterranean Sea area. Mar Biol 169, 131 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-022-04118-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-022-04118-8