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Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the pelagic copepod genus Neocalanus (Crustacea: Copepoda)

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Abstract

Portions of the mitochondrial genome (ca. 4 kb), encoding three protein-coding (COI, ND4L, ND6) and two ribosomal RNA (srRNA, lrRNA) genes, were sequenced for all six currently recognized species, plus one form, of the pelagic calanoid copepod genus Neocalanus. In Neocalanus gracilis, the ND6 gene was not found in the sequenced portion of the mitochondrial genome. Unambiguously aligned sequences were subjected to Bayesian, maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony, and neighbor-joining analyses using Eucalanus bungii as an outgroup. The resultant tree topologies from these four methods were congruent, robust, and all nodes were supported by high bootstrap values and posterior probabilities of 92–100%. Two tropical and subtropical species (N. gracilis and N. robustior) occupied the most basal position, and a subantarctic (N. tonsus) and three subarctic Pacific species (N. cristatus, N. plumchrus, and N. flemingeri) diverged subsequently. Transequatorial dispersal of the ancestral population during glaciations is suggested for this pattern of speciation, in which sister clades exhibited antitropical distributions. Although the area of ocean is much broader in the subantarctic than the subarctic Pacific, a higher number of species occur in the subarctic Pacific (three) than the subantarctic (one). The possibility that marginal seas, such as Japan Sea and Okhotsk Sea, function as natal areas for the divergence of species is discussed.

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Acknowledgements

This study could not have been possible without the generous donations of samples, for which we sincerely thank the following colleagues: E. Goetze, K. Hashizume, J. Nishikawa, and A. Tsuda. We express our thanks to the captains and crew members of the R.V. Hakuho Maru and Tansei Maru for their cooperation at sea. This study is a contribution from the Census of Marine Zooplankton (CMarZ), an ocean realm field project of the Census of Marine Life. Funding for this study was provided by a Grant-in-Aid for Creative Basic Research no.12NP0201 from the Ministry of Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. The experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which the experiments were performed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 164-8639, Japan

    R. J. Machida, M. Nishida & S. Nishida

  2. Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8682, Japan

    M. U. Miya

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  1. R. J. Machida
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  2. M. U. Miya
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  3. M. Nishida
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  4. S. Nishida
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Correspondence to R. J. Machida.

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Communicated by T. Ikeda, Hakodate

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Machida, R.J., Miya, M.U., Nishida, M. et al. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the pelagic copepod genus Neocalanus (Crustacea: Copepoda). Marine Biology 148, 1071–1079 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0140-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0140-0

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