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Menstrual Cycle Related Fluctuations in Circulating Markers of Bone Metabolism at Rest and in Response to Running in Eumenorrheic Females

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Abstract

This study examined potential fluctuations in bone metabolic markers across the menstrual cycle both at rest and after a 30-min bout of continuous running at 80% of V̇O2max. Resting and post-exercise (0, 30, 90 min) sclerostin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTXI), and procollagen type 1 N propeptide (PINP) were assessed in 10 eumenorrheic women (age: 21 ± 3 y, BMI: 23.2 ± 3.0 kg.m2) during the mid- to late-follicular (FP: day 8.0 ± 1.4) and mid-luteal (LP: day 22.0 ± 2.5) phases of the menstrual cycle. Ovulation was determined using ovulation kits and daily measurement of oral body temperature upon awakening. Menstrual cycle phase was subsequently confirmed by measurement of plasma estradiol and progesterone. On average, resting estradiol concentrations increased from 46.3 ± 8.9 pg·mL−1 in the FP to 67.3 ± 23.4 pg·mL−1 in the LP (p = 0.015), and resting progesterone increased from 4.12 ± 2.36 ng·mL−1 in the FP to 11.86 ± 4.49 ng·mL−1 in the LP (p < 0.001). At rest, there were no differences between menstrual cycle phases in sclerostin (FP: 260.1 ± 135.0 pg·mL−1; LP: 303.5 ± 99.9 pg·mL−1; p = 0.765), PTH (FP: 0.96 ± 0.64 pmol·L−1; LP: 0.79 ± 0.44 pmol·L−1; p = 0.568), β-CTXI (FP: 243.1 ± 158.0 ng·L−1; LP: 202.4 ± 92.3 ng·L−1; p = 0.198), and PINP (FP: 53.6 ± 8.9 μg·L−1; LP: 66.2 ± 20.2 μg·L−1; p = 0.093). Main effects for time (p < 0.05) were shown in sclerostin, PTH, β-CTXI and PINP, without phase or interaction effects. Sclerostin increased from pre- to immediately post-exercise (45%; p = 0.007), and so did PTH (43%; p = 0.011), both returning to resting concentrations 30 min post-exercise. β-CTXI decreased from pre- to post-exercise (20%; p = 0.027) and was still below its pre-exercise concentrations at 90 min post-exercise (17%; p = 0.013). PINP increased immediately post-exercise (29%; p < 0.001), returning to resting concentrations at 30 min post-exercise. These results demonstrate no effect of menstrual cycle phase on resting bone marker concentrations or on the bone metabolic marker response to intense exercise.

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Data Availability

Data are available only upon request from the corresponding author for researchers who are eligible for accessing confidential data, as all data of this study are restricted due to the Brock University Research Ethics Board privacy policy.

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Funding

This research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Grant to PK # 2020-00014 and TH # 2016-06118). NK holds an NSERC doctoral scholarship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada

    Anne Guzman, Nigel Kurgan & Panagiota Klentrou

  2. Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada

    Sara C. Moniz, Seth F. McCarthy & Tom J. Hazell

  3. SHAPE Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

    Craig Sale & Kirsty J. Elliott-Sale

  4. Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada

    Heather Logan-Sprenger

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  1. Anne Guzman
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Contributions

AG contributed to the analysis of blood samples, data analysis and interpretation, and prepared the first draft. NK contributed to the analysis of the blood samples. SM, SM and TH designed the original study and completed all data collection. CS, HL-S and KE-S contributed to data interpretation and final draft. PK was the supervisor of the research and contributed to all aspects of data analysis and interpretation and prepared the final draft. All authors revised the paper critically for intellectual content and approved the final version. All authors agree to be accountable for the work and to ensure that any questions relating to the accuracy and integrity of the paper are investigated and properly resolved.

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Correspondence to Panagiota Klentrou.

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Anne Guzman, Nigel Kurgan, Sara C. Moniz, Seth F. McCarthy, Craig Sale, Heather Logan-Sprenger, Kirsty Elliott-Sale, Tom J. Hazell, Panagiota Klentrou have no conflict of interest to declare.

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All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committees and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The study received ethics approval from the Research Ethics Boards of Wilfrid Laurier and Brock Universities.

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Guzman, A., Kurgan, N., Moniz, S.C. et al. Menstrual Cycle Related Fluctuations in Circulating Markers of Bone Metabolism at Rest and in Response to Running in Eumenorrheic Females. Calcif Tissue Int 111, 124–136 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-022-00970-4

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