Potentiometric titration of diprotic systems

Abstract

 The approximate nature of Gran’s method of linearization of potentiometric titration curves applied to diprotic systems has been thoroughly investigated. A function involving pH and titrant volume V (which is linearly dependent on V and becomes zero at the first equivalent point of titration of a weak diprotic base with a strong monoprotic acid) has been critically examined and validated by means of widely extended simulated experiments. Accurate experimental confirmation of the theoretical expressions has been obtained by performing many real titrations of the primary standard Na₂CO₃ with HCl. This particular application, analytically significant itself, can be a prototype of analogous applications.