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Advances in the application of logic gates in nanozymes

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Abstract

Nanozymes are a class of nanomaterials with biocatalytic function and enzyme-like activity, whose advantages include high stability, low cost, and mass production. They can catalyze the substrates of natural enzymes based on specific nanostructures and serve as substitutes for natural enzymes. Their applied research involves a wide range of fields such as biomedicine, environmental governance, agriculture, and food. Molecular logic gates are a new cross-disciplinary discipline, which can simulate the function of silicon circuits on a molecular scale, perform single or multiple input logic operations, and generate logic outputs. A molecular logic gate is a binary operation that converts an input signal into an output signal according to the rules of Boolean logic, generating two signals, a high level, and a low level. The high and low levels represent the “true” and “false” values of the logic gates, and their outputs correspond to “l” and “0” of the molecular logic gates, respectively. The combination of nanozymes and logic gates is a novel and attractive research direction, and the cross-application of the two brings new opportunities and ideas for various fields, such as the construction of efficient biocomputers, intelligent drug delivery systems, and the precise diagnosis of diseases. This review describes the application of logic gates based on nanozymes, which is expected to provide a certain theoretical foundation for researchers’ subsequent studies.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Copyright 2019, Elsevier

Fig. 3

Copyright 2020, Elsevier. b Schematic presentation of the input-induced dis-assembly of the “Y” junction structure for the construction of binary logic gates. Reprinted with permission [35]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. c Schematic description of the MoS2-based AND logic gate for determination of ATP and thrombin. Reprinted with permission [37]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society

Fig. 4

Copyright 2022, Elsevier

Fig. 5

Copyright 2018, Elsevier

Fig. 6

Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry. b Based on the superior peroxidase-like catalytic activity of ZnCo2O4 nanosheets, a simple and highly selective colorimetric method for the detection of PPi and PPase was established, and this assay can be used to construct an IMPLICATION logic gate. Reprinted with permission [50]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. c Representation of the IMPLICATION logic circuit and truth table. Reprinted with permission [51]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. d CeO2 with peroxidase-like activity at pH 4.5 (left) and 7.4 (right) for MEL detection. Reprinted with permission [52]. Copyright 2021, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

Fig. 7

Copyright 2018, Springer Nature. b The operation of logic gates based on enzymatic reactions. Reprinted with permission [67]. Copyright 2021, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. c Colorimetric detection of SCN− based on the target-inhibited oxidase-mimetic activity of Pd SP@rGO through poisoning the active sites and schematic diagram of the INHIBIT logic gate. Reprinted with permission [68]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry. d AND logic gate using fluorescence and colorimetric dual-signal detection of TC. Reprinted with permission [69]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier

Fig. 8

Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 9

Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry. b Schematic diagram of the cascade logic circuit and unlabeled ratiometric fluorescent sensor based on MnO2 NS for GSH detection. Reprinted with permission [112]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.21864020, 82160652), the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (Grant No. and 2019MS02014, 2018MS02012), ‘‘Young Science and Technology Talents Program’’ (Leading Person) in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Colleges and Universities (Grant No. NJYT-19-A04), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University, China (Grant No. 2022JBZD013).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Chemistry and Enviromental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 81 zhaowudalu, Hohhot, 010022, China

    Xiangru Hou & Jun Ai

  2. College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinchuankaifaqu, Hohhot, 010110, China

    Lu Ga

  3. College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, 49 Aimin Road, Hohhot, 010051, China

    Xin Zhang

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  1. Xiangru Hou
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  2. Lu Ga
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  3. Xin Zhang
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  4. Jun Ai
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Xiangru Hou and Lu Ga. Methodology: Y.W. Software: Jun Ai. Validation: Xiangru Hou and Lu Ga. Formal analysis: Xiangru Hou and Lu Ga. Investigation: Jun Ai. Resources: Xiangru Hou and Lu Ga. Data curation: Xin Zhang. Writing—original draft preparation: Xiangru Hou. Writing—review and editing: Xin Zhang. Visualization: Jun Ai. Supervision: Xin Zhang. Project administration: Xin Zhang. Funding acquisition: Jun Ai. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Xin Zhang or Jun Ai.

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Published in the topical collection featuring Nanozymes with guest editors Vipul Bansal, Sudipta Seal, and Hui Wei.

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Hou, X., Ga, L., Zhang, X. et al. Advances in the application of logic gates in nanozymes. Anal Bioanal Chem (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-024-05240-w

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