Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Optimization and synthesis of a novel sorbent composite based on magnetic chitosan-amine-functionalized bimetallic MOF for the simultaneous dispersive solid-phase microextraction of four aflatoxins in real water, herbal distillate, and food samples

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Aflatoxins (AFs), an important category of pollutants, are formed in many foods and adversely affect human health. Therefore, their determination is critical to ensuring human food health. An efficient dispersive solid-phase microextraction technique was developed as a simple and straightforward sample preparation technique for determination of four aflatoxins using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fluorescence detector. A novel efficient, green sorbent for extracting AFs was synthesized based on hydrothermal and chemical strategies. The amounts of three sorbent components were optimized using a mixture design (simplex lattice design), including 14 experiments. The optimal amount of amino-bimetallic Fe/Ni-MIL-53 nanospheres, chitosan, and magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles as sorbent components was 0.87, 0.67, and 0.47 g, respectively. Also, various factors affecting the process of AF determination were studied and optimized in two successive experimental designs, including the definitive screening design and the Box–Behnken design. Under optimal conditions, the linear ranges for measuring aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, and aflatoxin G2 were 0.05–82.6, 0.07–86.4, 0.08–85.7, and 0.07–89.5 ng mL−1, respectively. The relative standard deviations under inter-day and intra-day conditions for measuring AFs at three analyte concentrations were determined in triplicate analysis and were in the ranges of 3.7–4.6% and 4.9–6.1% for water sample analysis, respectively. The qualitative detection limits for determining AFs were between 0.01 and 0.05 ng mL−1. The pre-concentration factor of the method for measuring AFs ranged from 739.7 to 802.1. The proposed method was used for determining AFs in several real samples, including herbal distillate, black tea, corn, and real water samples. The relative recovery and standard deviation were 87.8–97.8% and 4.10–6.82%, respectively.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

References

  1. Mahato DK, Lee KE, Kamle M, Devi S, Dewangan KN, Kumar P, et al. Aflatoxins in food and feed: an overview on prevalence, detection and control strategies. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2266.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Chain EPoCitF, Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, et al. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food. EFSA J. 2020;18(3):e06040.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Liu Q, Jiang L, Xiao L, Kong W. Physico-chemical characteristics and aflatoxins production of Atractylodis Rhizoma to different storage temperatures and humidities. AMB Express. 2021;11(1):1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Wangia RN, Tang L, Wang J-S. Occupational exposure to aflatoxins and health outcomes: a review. J Environ Sci Health, Part C. 2019;37(4):215–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Dhakal A, Sbar E, Aflatoxin toxicity. StatPearls. [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing; 2021.

  6. Aicha Y, Cisse H, Oumarou Z, Nikiema F, Traore Y, Savadogo A. Reduction of aflatoxins and microorganisms in the koura-koura produced in Burkina Faso with spices and aromatic leaves. J Food Technol. 2021;8(1):9–17.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Negash D. A review of aflatoxin: occurrence, prevention, and gaps in both food and feed safety. J Appl Microbiol Res. 2018;1(1):35–43.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dai Y, Huang K, Zhang B, Zhu L, Xu W. Aflatoxin B1-induced epigenetic alterations: an overview. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;109:683–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gu Y-X, Yan T-C, Yue Z-X, Liu F-M, Cao J, Ye L-H. Recent developments and applications in the microextraction and separation technology of harmful substances in a complex matrix. Microchem J. 2022;107241

  10. Câmara JS, Perestrelo R, Berenguer CV, Andrade CF, Gomes TM, Olayanju B, et al. Green extraction techniques as advanced sample preparation approaches in biological, food, and environmental matrices: a review. Molecules. 2022;27(9):2953.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Ghorbani M, Mohammadi P, Keshavarzi M, Ziroohi A, Mohammadi M, Aghamohammadhasan M, et al. Developments of microextraction (extraction) procedures for sample preparation of antidepressants in biological and water samples, a review. Crit Rev Anal Chem. 2021;1–28

  12. Alhmaunde A, Masrournia M, Javid A. Facile synthesis of new magnetic sorbent based on MOF-on-MOF for simultaneous extraction and determination of three benzodiazepines in various environmental water samples using dispersive micro solid-phase extraction and HPLC. Microchem J. 2022;181:107802.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ghorbani M, Mohammadi P, Keshavarzi M, Saghi MH, Mohammadi M, Shams A, et al. Simultaneous determination of organophosphorus pesticides residues in vegetable, fruit juice, and milk samples with magnetic dispersive micro solid-phase extraction and chromatographic method; recruitment of simplex lattice mixture design for optimization of novel sorbent composites. Anal Chim Acta. 2021;338802

  14. Ghorbani M, Aghamohammadhassan M, Ghorbani H, Zabihi A. Trends in sorbent development for dispersive micro-solid phase extraction. Microchem J. 2020;158:105250.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Safaei M, Foroughi MM, Ebrahimpoor N, Jahani S, Omidi A, Khatami M. A review on metal-organic frameworks: synthesis and applications. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2019;118:401–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Razavi SAA, Morsali A. Linker functionalized metal-organic frameworks. Coord Chem Rev. 2019;399:213023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Gordi Z, Ghorbani M, Ahmadian KM. Adsorptive removal of enrofloxacin with magnetic functionalized graphene oxide@ metal-organic frameworks employing D-optimal mixture design. Water Environment Research. 2020;92(11):1935–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Pérez-Cejuela HM, Herrero-Martínez JM, Simó-Alfonso EF. Recent advances in affinity MOF-based sorbents with sample preparation purposes. Molecules. 2020;25(18):4216.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Mohammadi P, Ghorbani M, Mohammadi P, Keshavarzi M, Rastegar A, Aghamohammadhassan M, et al. Dispersive micro solid-phase extraction with gas chromatography for determination of Diazinon and Ethion residues in biological, vegetables and cereal grain samples, employing D-optimal mixture design. Microchem J. 2021;160:105680.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Uzun I, Güzel F. Kinetics and thermodynamics of the adsorption of some dyestuffs and p-nitrophenol by chitosan and MCM-chitosan from aqueous solution. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2004;274(2):398–412.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zheng S, Yang Z, Park YH. Removal of chlorophenols from groundwater by chitosan sorption. Water Res. 2004;38(9):2315–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ngah WW, Endud C, Mayanar R. Removal of copper (II) ions from aqueous solution onto chitosan and cross-linked chitosan beads. React Funct Polym. 2002;50(2):181–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wan Ngah W, Ab Ghani S, Hoon L. Comparative adsorption of Lead (II) on flake and bead-types of chitosan. J Chin Chem Soc. 2002;49(4):625–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ngah WW, Kamari A, Koay Y. Equilibrium and kinetics studies of adsorption of copper (II) on chitosan and chitosan/PVA beads. Int J Biol Macromol. 2004;34(3):155–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Rabea EI, Badawy ME-T, Stevens CV, Smagghe G, Steurbaut W. Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules. 2003;4(6):1457–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kabanov VL, Novinyuk LV. Chitosan application in food technology: a review of rescent advances. Food Syst. 2020;3(1):10–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Ng CH, Ng KKS, Lee SL, Suwa R, Lee CT, Tnah LH. Growth performance and scale insect infestation of Shorea leprosula in a common garden experimental plot. J For Res. 2023;34(3):781–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Snyder L. Classification off the solvent properties of common liquids. J Chromatogr Sci. 1978;16(6):223–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Nazhand A, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Souto EB, Santini A. Characteristics, occurrence, detection and detoxification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds. Foods. 2020;9(5):644.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Karami-Osboo R, Maham M. Pre-concentration and extraction of aflatoxins from rice using air-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Food Anal Methods. 2018;11(10):2816–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hamed AM, Abdel-Hamid M, Gámiz-Gracia L, García-Campaña AM, Arroyo-Manzanares N. Determination of aflatoxins in plant-based milk and dairy products by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Lett. 2019;52(2):363–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Asadi M. Separation and quantification of aflatoxins in grains using modified dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Food Measurement Characterization. 2020;14(2):925–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Feizy J, Es’haghi Z, Lakshmipathy R. Aflatoxins’ clean-up in food samples by graphene oxide–polyvinyl poly pyrrolidone—hollow fiber solid-phase microextraction. Chromatographia. 2020;83(3):385–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Safavizadeh V, Arabkhani P, Mojkar M, Shyrina D, Nemati M. Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction to determine Aflatoxin B1 in tomato paste samples. J Nutrit Food Security. 2021;6(1):24–30.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Chmangui A, Jayasinghe GTM, Driss MR, Touil S, Bermejo-Barrera P, Bouabdallah S, et al. Assessment of trace levels of aflatoxins AFB1 and AFB2 in non-dairy beverages by molecularly imprinted polymer based micro solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Methods. 2021;13(30):3433–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhu A, Jiao T, Ali S, Xu Y, Ouyang Q, Chen Q. Dispersive micro solid phase extraction based ionic liquid functionalized ZnO nanoflowers couple with chromatographic methods for rapid determination of aflatoxins in wheat and peanut samples. Food Chem. 2022;391:133277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Karami-Osboo R, Ahmadpoor F, Nasrollahzadeh M, Maham M. Polydopamine-coated magnetic spirulina nanocomposite for efficient magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction of aflatoxins in pistachio. Food Chem. 2022;377:131967.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Rezaei F, Masrournia M, Pordel M. Simultaneous determination of four aflatoxins using dispersive micro solid phase extraction with magnetic bimetallic MOFs composite as a sorbent and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Microchem J. 2023;189:108506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge this research’s support from the Razi Research Center, Khorasan Razavi Education, Mashhad, Iran; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Iran; and Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), China.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Razi Research Center, Khorasan Razavi Education, Mashhad, Iran

    Mahdi Ghorbani

  2. Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Majid Keshavarzi

  3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Maryam Pakseresht

  4. Department of Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

    Parisa Mohammadi, Alireza Shams & Amir Ismailzadeh

  5. Institute of Remote Sensing, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, China

    Abouzar Mehraban

  6. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

    Amir Ismailzadeh

Authors
  1. Mahdi Ghorbani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Majid Keshavarzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Maryam Pakseresht
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Parisa Mohammadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Alireza Shams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Abouzar Mehraban
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Amir Ismailzadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Mahdi Ghorbani: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing—review & editing.

Majid Keshavarzi: writing—original draft, validation.

Maryam Pakseresht: investigation, resources.

Parisa Mohammadi: writing—original draft, investigation.

Alireza Shams: writing and visualization.

Abouzar Mehraban: resources.

Amir Ismailzadeh: resources, data curation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mahdi Ghorbani.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest related to this publication, and this work has not received any significant financial support to influence its outcome.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

(DOCX 273 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ghorbani, M., Keshavarzi, M., Pakseresht, M. et al. Optimization and synthesis of a novel sorbent composite based on magnetic chitosan-amine-functionalized bimetallic MOF for the simultaneous dispersive solid-phase microextraction of four aflatoxins in real water, herbal distillate, and food samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 415, 5681–5694 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-023-04842-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-023-04842-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation