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Reducing short- and long-term cocaine craving with voluntary exercise in male rats

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Abstract

Background

In a previous study in female rats, voluntary wheel running attenuated incubation of cocaine craving after 30 but not 3 days (Zlebnik and Carroll Zlebnik and Carroll, Psychopharmacology 232:3507–3413, 2015). The present study in male rats, using the same procedure, showed that wheel running reduced incubated craving after both 30 and 3 days of abstinence.

Methods

Male rats self-administered i.v. cocaine (0.4 mg/kg) during 6-h sessions for 10 days. They were then moved from the operant chamber to a home cage with an attached running wheel or stationary wheel, for 6 h daily for a 3- or 30-day period when cocaine craving was hypothesized to incubate. Rats were then returned to the operant chamber for a 30-min test of cocaine seeking, or “craving,” indicated by responses on the former “drug” lever was formerly associated with drug stimulus lights and responses (vs. no drug stimuli), and lever responding was compared to responses on the “inactive” that was illuminated and counted lever pressing.

Results

Mean wheel revolutions were similar across the 3- and 30-day incubation groups, when both groups of rats were given access to wheel running vs. access to a stationary wheel in controls. Subsequently, when rats were tested in the operant chamber for “relapse” responding (drug-lever responding) on the lever formerly associated with drug access, cocaine craving was reduced by recent running wheel access (vs. stationary wheel access) in both the 3- and 30-day wheel exposure groups.

Conclusion

Voluntary, self-initiated, and self-sustained physical exercise reduced cocaine craving after short- (3 days) and long-term (30 days) abstinence periods in male rats that previously self-administered cocaine. This was contrasted with reduction of cocaine seeking in females after 30-day, but not 3-day, incubation periods under the wheel running vs. stationary wheel conditions in a previous study (Zlebnik and Carroll Zlebnik and Carroll, Psychopharmacology 232:3507–3413, 2015). These initial findings suggest males may be more sensitive to incubated craving for cocaine than females.

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Data availability

Contact: Dr. Marilyn E. Carroll, Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Science, Department of Psychiatry, MMC 392, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55,455.

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Funding

This research was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse grants P50 DA033942, R01 DA002486, and R01 DA003240 (MEC) and trainees who worked on the grant were supported by T32 DA07097 (Thomas Molitor, PI) and the University Medical Foundation, University of Minnesota.

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Author notes

  1. Natalie E. Zlebnik

    Present address: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, HSF II, Room S216, 20 Penn St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA

  2. John Smethells

    Present address: Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, 701 Park Avenue, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA

    Marilyn E. Carroll, Ben Dougen, Natalie E. Zlebnik & Lydia Fess

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  1. Marilyn E. Carroll
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  2. Ben Dougen
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Contributions

MC and JS share the senior author position. They provided previous research background, initiation, and execution of the study, data analysis, and discussion of results. NZ, who was senior author on the study in females (Zlebnik & Carroll 2015), provided review and oversight of all phases of data collection such as subject factors, experimental procedures, sequencing of conditions, daily data collection, summary data analyses, statistical analyses, and their interpretation were followed in the present study with male rats. BD and LF, who had worked on both the earlier study in females and this one with males, verified that all technical aspects of procuring, training and testing animals, and collecting daily, weekly, and monthly data were identical to the initial study in females. They also used comparative strategies to provide summary data, statistical analyses of results, and provided continual discussion of current results with males compared to the previous study with females (Zlebnik & Carroll 2015).

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Correspondence to Marilyn E. Carroll.

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• This manuscript has not been submitted to more than one journal for simultaneous consideration.

• This work is original and has not been published elsewhere in any form or language (partially or in full), except as an expansion of previous work on female rats. The present work compares the current unpublished work on male rats to that previously published in female rats (Zlebnik & Carroll 2015). Prevention of the incubation of cocaine seeking by aerobic exercise in female rats. Psychopharmacology 232:3507–3413.PMID: 26159456.

• These were 2 separate studies conducted 3 years apart. In the first study, only females were examined (P50 DA033942), as it was conducted under a grant supported by NIH Office of Research on Women’s Health. The present contribution focuses on males of the same age and identical experimental conditions as the 2015 study noted above. However, the present data on male animals were collected in 2018 to compare sex differences in addictive behavior.

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• No data, text or theories, are presented as the authors’ own. Proper acknowledgement has been given to others’ earlier findings that are advanced by new original data reported here.

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Carroll, M.E., Dougen, B., Zlebnik, N.E. et al. Reducing short- and long-term cocaine craving with voluntary exercise in male rats. Psychopharmacology 239, 3819–3831 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06251-0

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