Abstract
Rationale
Individuals with depression smoke more than smokers without depression. Research has shown that cigarette demand is a useful tool for quantifying tobacco reinforcement and supposes a clinical predictor of treatment outcomes. Despite previous studies examining the relative reinforcing efficacy of nicotine among different populations of smokers, to date, no study has assessed cigarette demand among individuals with elevated depressive symptoms.
Objective
The aim of this study was to compare cigarette demand among samples of smokers with low and elevated depressive symptoms. Further, it also sought to examine the relationship between depressive symptomatology and the individual CPT demand indices.
Methods
Participants (80 non-depressed smokers and 85 depressed smokers) completed the 19-item version of the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT). Depression symptomatology was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II). Depressed smokers needed to present at least moderate depressive symptoms as indicated by scoring ≥ 20 on the BDI-II.
Results
Depressive symptomatology and nicotine dependence were significantly associated with elasticity of demand (R 2 = 0.112; F(2, 155) = 9.756, p = ≤ 0.001). Depressive symptoms, cigarettes per day, and years of regular smoking also predicted breakpoint scores (R 2 = 0.088; F(4, 153) = 3.697, p = 0.007).
Conclusion
As smokers with elevated depressive symptoms are less sensitive to increases in cigarette prices than those with low depressive symptomatology, future studies should consider these cigarette demand indices when designing depression-focused smoking cessation treatments. Providing this difficult-to-treat population with interventions that promote both pleasurable and alternative reinforcing activities is highly encouraged.
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the smokers included in the study for their valuable participation.
Funding
The present study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the European Regional Development Fund (Grant PSI2015-64371-P. MINECO/FEDER), the Council for Economy and Work (Ref. GRUPIN14-047) awarded to the Addictive Behaviors Research Group, and by a predoctoral grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) (Ref. BES-2016-076663). The funding sources played no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, or interpretation of the results.
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All subjects provided informed consent prior to study initiation and this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Oviedo.
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Secades-Villa, R., Weidberg, S., González-Roz, A. et al. Cigarette demand among smokers with elevated depressive symptoms: an experimental comparison with low depressive symptoms. Psychopharmacology 235, 719–728 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4788-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4788-1