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A longitudinal study of self-reported psychopathology in early ecstasy and amphetamine users

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Abstract

Aims

It still remains unclear whether psychopathological abnormalities described in human 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine users (MDMA users) and d-amphetamine users (AMPH users) existed before the beginning of regular use or if they develop with ongoing use.

Objectives

The present study was conducted in order to assess this relationship and to overcome previous methodological shortcomings.

Methods

A longitudinal cohort study in 96 beginning MDMA and d-amphetamine users between 2006 and 2011 with a follow-up duration of 24 months. In order to explore the impact of MDMA and AMPH use on self-reported psychopathology (measured by the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised), mixed models for repeated measures were fitted. In order to examine the impact of previous psychopathology on subsequent use, partial correlation analyses and linear regression analyses were applied.

Results

Over the course of the 2-year follow-up period, 31 subjects used neither MDMA nor AMPH (non-users); 65 subjects used both MDMA and AMPH: 37 subjects used between 1 and 14 tablets of MDMA and 28 subjects used 15 or more tablets of MDMA. Thirty-three subjects used between 1 and 14 g of AMPH, and 32 subjects used 15 g or more. No associations concerning MDMA/AMPH use and development of self-reported psychopathology were found. However, there was a significant relationship between globally increased self-reported psychopathology—particularly psychoticism—at the beginning of the study and subsequent AMPH use.

Conclusions

The data of the present study suggest that a certain psychopathological profile could form a risk factor for later use of amphetamines.

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Conflict of interest

This work was supported by a grant to E. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank and J. Daumann from the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG, Go 717/6-1/2). Furthermore, the authors declare that, except for income received from their primary employer, no financial support or compensation has been received from any individual or corporate entity over the past 36 months for research or professional service, and there are no personal financial holdings that could be perceived as constituting a potential conflict of interest. This pertains to all the authors of the study, their spouses or partners, and their children (aged under 18).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany

    Daniel Wagner, Philip Koester, Benjamin Becker, Euphrosyne Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, Martin Hellmich & Joerg Daumann

  2. Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany

    Martin Hellmich

Authors
  1. Daniel Wagner
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  2. Philip Koester
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  4. Euphrosyne Gouzoulis-Mayfrank
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  5. Martin Hellmich
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  6. Joerg Daumann
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Correspondence to Joerg Daumann.

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Wagner, D., Koester, P., Becker, B. et al. A longitudinal study of self-reported psychopathology in early ecstasy and amphetamine users. Psychopharmacology 232, 897–905 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3722-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3722-z

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