Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which have been developed and approved for cancer treatment in the last few years, are involved in synaptic plasticity of learning and memory. Epigenetic modifications also play crucial roles in the process of learning and memory, but its relationship with TKI-induced learning and memory impairment has not been investigated. We hypothesized that LPM4870108, an effective anti-cancer Trk inhibitor, might affect the learning and memory via epigenetic modifications. In this study, rats were orally administered with LPM4870108 (0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/kg) twice daily for 28 days, after which animals were subjected to a Morris water maze test. LPM4870108 exposure caused learning and memory impairments in this test in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the spine densities. Whole-genome transcriptomic analysis revealed significant differences in the patterns of hippocampal gene expression in LPM4870108-treated rats. These transcriptomic data were combined with next-generation bisulfite sequencing analysis, after which RT-PCR and pyrosequencing were conducted, revealing epigenetic alterations associated with genes (Snx8, Fgfr1, Dusp4, Vav2, and Satb2) known to regulate learning and memory. Increased mRNA and protein expression levels of hippocampal Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a were also observed in these rats. Overall, these data suggest that gene-specific alterations in patterns of DNA methylation can potentially contribute to the incidence of learning and memory deficits associated with exposure to LPM4870108.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its Supplemental Material].
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Akalin A, Kormaksson M, Li S et al (2012) methylKit: a comprehensive R package for the analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation profiles. Genome Biol 13(10):R87. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2012-13-10-r87
Al-Mutairi MS, Cadalbert LC, McGachy HA et al (2010) MAP kinase phosphatase-2 plays a critical role in response to infection by Leishmania mexicana. PLoS Pathog 6(11):e1001192. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001192
Arancibia S, Silhol M, Mouliere F et al (2008) Protective effect of BDNF against beta-amyloid induced neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo in rats. Neurobiol Dis 31(3):316–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2008.05.012
Arroyo-Garcia LE, Tendilla-Beltran H, Vazquez-Roque RA et al (2020) Amphetamine sensitization alters hippocampal neuronal morphology and memory and learning behaviors. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0809-2
Berman RF, Hannigan JH (2000) Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the hippocampus: spatial behavior, electrophysiology, and neuroanatomy. Hippocampus 10(1):94–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(2000)10:1%3c94::AID-HIPO11%3e3.0.CO;2-T
Bouter Y, Dietrich K, Wittnam JL et al (2013) N-truncated amyloid beta (Abeta) 4–42 forms stable aggregates and induces acute and long-lasting behavioral deficits. Acta Neuropathol 126(2):189–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-013-1129-2
Cadalbert L, Sloss CM, Cameron P, Plevin R (2005) Conditional expression of MAP kinase phosphatase-2 protects against genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis by binding and selective dephosphorylation of nuclear activated c-jun N-terminal kinase. Cell Signal 17(10):1254–1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.01.003
Chang HM, Wu UI, Lan CT (2009) Melatonin preserves longevity protein (sirtuin 1) expression in the hippocampus of total sleep-deprived rats. J Pineal Res 47(3):211–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2009.00704.x
Cocco E, Scaltriti M, Drilon A (2018) NTrk fusion-positive cancers and Trk inhibitor therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 15(12):731–747. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-018-0113-0
Creighton SD, Stefanelli G, Reda A, Zovkic IB (2020) Epigenetic mechanisms of learning and memory: implications for aging. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186918
Cui D, Xu X (2018) DNA methyltransferases, DNA methylation, and age-associated cognitive function. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051315
Day JJ, Childs D, Guzman-Karlsson MC et al (2013) DNA methylation regulates associative reward learning. Nat Neurosci 16(10):1445–1452. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3504
Day JJ, Kennedy AJ, Sweatt JD (2015) DNA methylation and its implications and accessibility for neuropsychiatric therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 55:591–611. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124527
Devi L, Ohno M (2012) 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone, a small-molecule TrkB agonist, reverses memory deficits and BACE1 elevation in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 37(2):434–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.191
Di Francesco A, Arosio B, Falconi A et al (2015) Global changes in DNA methylation in Alzheimer’s disease peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Brain Behav Immun 45:139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2014.11.002
Drilon A (2019) Inhibitors in Trk fusion-positive cancers. Ann Oncol 30(Suppl_8):viii23–viii30. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz282
Duan S, Dong L, Wang B et al (2021) Assessment of the toxicity and toxicokinetics of the novel potent tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) inhibitor LPM4870108 in rhesus monkeys. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 122:104886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104886
Fan XY, Shi G, Zhao P (2021) Neonatal sevoflurane exposure impairs learning and memory by the hypermethylation of hippocampal synaptic genes. Mol Neurobiol 58(3):895–904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02161-4
Ferreira LL, Cervantes M, Froufe HJC et al (2020) Doxorubicin persistently rewires cardiac circadian homeostasis in mice. Arch Toxicol 94(1):257–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02626-z
Forthmann B, Aletta JM, Lee YW et al (2015) Coalition of nuclear receptors in the nervous system. J Cell Physiol 230(12):2875–2880. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.25036
Graff J, Kim D, Dobbin MM, Tsai LH (2011) Epigenetic regulation of gene expression in physiological and pathological brain processes. Physiol Rev 91(2):603–649. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00012.2010
Halder R, Hennion M, Vidal RO et al (2016) DNA methylation changes in plasticity genes accompany the formation and maintenance of memory. Nat Neurosci 19(1):102–110. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4194
Hale CF, Dietz KC, Varela JA et al (2011) Essential role for vav Guanine nucleotide exchange factors in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced dendritic spine growth and synapse plasticity. J Neurosci 31(35):12426–12436. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0685-11.2011
Hwang JY, Aromolaran KA, Zukin RS (2017) The emerging field of epigenetics in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Nat Rev Neurosci 18(6):347–361. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.46
Indo Y (2012) Nerve growth factor and the physiology of pain: lessons from congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Clin Genet 82(4):341–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01943.x
Iwasaki Y, Negishi T, Inoue M, Tashiro T, Tabira T, Kimura N (2012) Sendai virus vector-mediated brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression ameliorates memory deficits and synaptic degeneration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci Res 90(5):981–989. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.22830
Jaitner C, Reddy C, Abentung A et al (2016) Satb2 determines miRNA expression and long-term memory in the adult central nervous system. Elife. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17361
Kasai H, Hayama T, Ishikawa M, Watanabe S, Yagishita S, Noguchi J (2010) Learning rules and persistence of dendritic spines. Eur J Neurosci 32(2):241–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07344.x
Kaufmann WE, Moser HW (2000) Dendritic anomalies in disorders associated with mental retardation. Cereb Cortex 10(10):981–991. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/10.10.981
Kim S, Kaang BK (2017) Epigenetic regulation and chromatin remodeling in learning and memory. Exp Mol Med 49(1):e281. https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.2016.140
Lee YW, Stachowiak EK, Birkaya B et al (2013) NGF-induced cell differentiation and gene activation is mediated by integrative nuclear FGFR1 signaling (INFS). PLoS ONE 8(7):e68931. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068931
Levenson JM, Roth TL, Lubin FD et al (2006) Evidence that DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase regulates synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. J Biol Chem 281(23):15763–15773. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M511767200
Liu L, van Groen T, Kadish I, Tollefsbol TO (2009) DNA methylation impacts on learning and memory in aging. Neurobiol Aging 30(4):549–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.020
Liu Z, Yu P, Dong L et al (2021) Discovery of the next-generation pan-Trk kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. J Med Chem 64(14):10286–10296. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00712
Lubin FD, Roth TL, Sweatt JD (2008) Epigenetic regulation of BDNF gene transcription in the consolidation of fear memory. J Neurosci 28(42):10576–10586. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1786-08.2008
Manczak M, Kandimalla R, Yin X, Reddy PH (2018) Hippocampal mutant APP and amyloid beta-induced cognitive decline, dendritic spine loss, defective autophagy, mitophagy and mitochondrial abnormalities in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Mol Genet 27(8):1332–1342. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddy042
Minichiello L, Korte M, Wolfer D et al (1999) Essential role for TrkB receptors in hippocampus-mediated learning. Neuron 24(2):401–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80853-3
Morris R (1984) Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 11(1):47–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(84)90007-4
Morris RG, Garrud P, Rawlins JN, O’Keefe J (1982) Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions. Nature 297(5868):681–683. https://doi.org/10.1038/297681a0
Muirhead G, Dev KK (2014) The expression of neuronal sorting nexin 8 (SNX8) exacerbates abnormal cholesterol levels. J Mol Neurosci 53(1):125–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-013-0209-z
Nagahara AH, Merrill DA, Coppola G et al (2009) Neuroprotective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rodent and primate models of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Med 15(3):331–337. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.1912
Perez-Sen R, Queipo MJ, Gil-Redondo JC et al (2019) Dual-specificity phosphatase regulation in neurons and glial cells. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081999
Purcell AL, Carew TJ (2003) Tyrosine kinases, synaptic plasticity and memory: insights from vertebrates and invertebrates. Trends Neurosci 26(11):625–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2003.09.005
Putcha GV, Le S, Frank S et al (2003) JNK-mediated BIM phosphorylation potentiates BAX-dependent apoptosis. Neuron 38(6):899–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00355-6
Rahman NZA, Greenwood SM, Brett RR et al (2016) Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-2 deletion impairs synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent memory. J Neurosci 36(8):2348–2354. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3825-15.2016
Schoenfelder S, Fraser P (2019) Long-range enhancer-promoter contacts in gene expression control. Nat Rev Genet 20(8):437–455. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-019-0128-0
Silverman E, Frodin M, Gammeltoft S, Maller JL (2004) Activation of p90 Rsk1 is sufficient for differentiation of PC12 cells. Mol Cell Biol 24(24):10573–10583. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.24.24.10573-10583.2004
Song SY, Meng XW, Xia Z et al (2019) Cognitive impairment and transcriptomic profile in hippocampus of young mice after multiple neonatal exposures to sevoflurane. Aging (albany NY) 11(19):8386–8417. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102326
Tarale P, Sivanesan S, Daiwile AP et al (2017) Global DNA methylation profiling of manganese-exposed human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells reveals epigenetic alterations in Parkinson’s disease-associated genes. Arch Toxicol 91(7):2629–2641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-016-1899-0
Terry AV Jr (2009) Spatial navigation (water maze) tasks. In: Buccafusco JJ (ed) Methods of behavior analysis in neuroscience: Frontiers in neuroscience. CRC Presss, Boca Raton
Wan YW, Al-Ouran R, Mangleburg CG et al (2020) Meta-analysis of the Alzheimer’s disease human brain transcriptome and functional dissection in mouse models. Cell Rep 32(2):107908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107908
Wang Y, Yang X, Yu H, Wang H, Qi Y, Geng M (2020) Effects of arsenic exposure on d-serine metabolism in the hippocampus of offspring mice at different developmental stages. Arch Toxicol 94(1):77–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02616-1
Xiao H, Liu B, Chen Y, Zhang J (2016) Learning, memory and synaptic plasticity in hippocampus in rats exposed to sevoflurane. Int J Dev Neurosci 48:38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.11.001
Xie Y, Niu M, Ji C et al (2019) SNX8 enhances non-amyloidogenic APP trafficking and attenuates abeta accumulation and memory deficits in an AD Mouse. Front Cell Neurosci 13:410. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00410
Xing J, Kornhauser JM, Xia Z, Thiele EA, Greenberg ME (1998) Nerve growth factor activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways to stimulate CREB serine 133 phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 18(4):1946–1955. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.18.4.1946
Yeo GS, Connie Hung CC, Rochford J et al (2004) A de novo mutation affecting human TrkB associated with severe obesity and developmental delay. Nat Neurosci 7(11):1187–1189. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1336
Zhang Z, Liu X, Schroeder JP et al (2014) 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone prevents synaptic loss and memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 39(3):638–650. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.243
Zhang Z, Yang J, Liu X et al (2016) Effects of 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine on expression of PP1gamma in learning and memory. Biomed Pharmacother 84:277–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.024
Zhang F, Lin X, Liu A et al (2021) Maternal subclinical hypothyroidism in rats impairs spatial learning and memory in offspring by disrupting balance of the TrkA/p75(NTR) signal pathway. Mol Neurobiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02403-z
Zhao M, Li D, Shimazu K, Zhou YX, Lu B, Deng CX (2007) Fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 is required for long-term potentiation, memory consolidation, and neurogenesis. Biol Psychiatry 62(5):381–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.10.019
Zhao M, Wang W, Jiang Z, Zhu Z, Liu D, Pan F (2020) Long-term effect of post-traumatic stress in adolescence on dendrite development and H3K9me2/BDNF expression in male rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 8:682. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.00682
Funding
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2020MH411), the “Yantai science and technology plan project” (2021XDHZ081 and 2020XFRH109), and the Key “Major New Drugs Research & Development” Project of Shandong Province (2019JZZY011122).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SD: methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, and visualization. CL and YG: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing—review and editing, data review and supervision. PM: methodology, investigation, and data curation. SJ: methodology and data curation. YX: methodology and data curation. YM: methodology and data curation. HW: formal analysis, resources, writing—review and editing, and supervision. JT: conceptualization, resources, and project administration.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest.
Ethics approval
All experimental procedures in this study were conducted in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and all animal protocols were approved by the Laboratory Animals Care and Use Committee of Yantai University.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Duan, S., Li, C., Gao, Y. et al. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor LPM4870108 impairs learning and memory and induces transcriptomic and gene‑specific DNA methylation changes in rats. Arch Toxicol 96, 845–857 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-022-03226-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-022-03226-0