Abstract
Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract (KSWE) is known to enhance crop productivity and impart stress tolerance. Close to one quarter of foliar spray applied to maize falls on the soil, either as drift or from leaf as drip. It was hypothesized that the drift spray would profoundly influence soil microbes under stress. An experiment was conducted with five treatments, with or without KSWE application at critical stages of maize grown under soil moisture stress and compared with an irrigated control. An Illumina platform was employed for the analysis of the V3–V4 region of 16S rRNA gene from the soil metagenome. A total of 345,552 operational taxonomic units were generated which were classified into 55 phyla, 152 classes, 240 orders, 305 families and 593 genera. Shannon’s index and Shannon’s equitability indicated increased soil bacterial diversity after multiple KSWE applications under conditions of abiotic duress. The abundance of the genera Alicyclobacillus, Anaerolinea, Bacillus, Balneimonas, Nitrospira, Rubrobacter and Steroidobacter decreased (49–79%) under drought imposed at the V5,10 and 15 stages of maize over the irrigated control, while it significantly improved when followed by KSWE application under drought. Flavobacterium, Nitrosomonas, Nitrosovibrio, Rubrobacter genera and several other bacterial taxa which are important for plant growth promotion and nutrient cycling were found to be enriched by KSWE application under drought conditions. Treatments having enriched microbial abundance due to KSWE application under stress recorded higher soil enzymatic activities and plant cob yield, suggesting the contribution of altered soil ecology mediated by KSWE as one of the reasons for improvement of yield.
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The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) repository, https://trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/sra/?study=SRP180107
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Acknowledgements
KT and DK would like to thank CSIR and AcSIR-CSMCRI for the award of senior research fellowship (SRF) and enrollment in a Ph.D. program. The authors also wish to thank CSMCRI MARS Mandapam Camp, Tamil Nadu, India, especially Dr. K Eswaran and Dr. Vaibhav Mantri for useful discussion and support. Dr Shruti Chatterjee is acknowledged for providing bacterial strains. SciGenom Labs Private Limited, Cochin, Kerala is duly acknowledged for help in sequencing analysis. This manuscript bears CSIR-CSMCRI communication no. 132/2019.
Funding
This work was supported by the council of scientific and industrial research (CSIR) under the project MLP 0016.
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KT performed experimental work and contributed to data acquisition, its analysis and interpretation. RK, GB and DK contributed during data acquisition and drafting of the article. KGV contributed to data acquisition and drafting of manuscript and reviewed the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. AG designed the experiment, coordinated the work, interpreted data and critically reviewed the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Trivedi, K., Kumar, R., Vijay Anand, K.G. et al. Structural and functional changes in soil bacterial communities by drifting spray application of a commercial red seaweed extract as revealed by metagenomics. Arch Microbiol 204, 72 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02644-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02644-5