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Elucidation of antibacterial effect of calcium chloride against Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum race 4 biovar 3 infecting ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

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Abstract

Bacterial wilt incited by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (Rps) race 4 biovar 3 is a serious threat to ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) cultivation throughout the ginger growing tracts and warrants effective remedial measures since most of the strategies failed at field level implementation. After a series of experiments, calcium chloride was found to be effective against Rps both in vitro and in planta and its prophylactic effect has been successfully demonstrated under field conditions. CaCl2 at a concentration of > 2% significantly inhibited Rps under in vitro conditions. Calcium is an important nutritional element imparts a major role in plant disease resistance, and numerous studies have demonstrated the mitigating effect of calcium for disease management. CaCl2 being inhibitory to Rps, the mechanism of inhibition by CaCl2 against Rps was elucidated by a series of in vitro assays including swarming motility and biofilm formation. Direct inhibition was also studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The minimum bactericidal concentration and minimum inhibitory concentration were found to be around 3% while the EC 90 value was found to be 2.25%. The SEM analysis revealed the destruction of cell structure by making perforations on the cell surface. CaCl2 at the targeted concentrations inhibited biofilm formation as well as swarming motility of Rps. These findings suggest that CaCl2 exhibits strong antibacterial activity against Rps and has the potential to be used as an effective bactericide for Rps in managing bacterial wilt in ginger.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Director, ICAR-IISR for providing the facilities, NIT Kozhikode for SEM analysis and Mr. Jayarajan for statistical analysis

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  1. ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu P O, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673012, India

    Suseela Bhai Rajamma, Ammu Raj, Vincy Kalampalath & Santhosh J. Eapen

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  1. Suseela Bhai Rajamma
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Correspondence to Suseela Bhai Rajamma.

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Rajamma, S.B., Raj, A., Kalampalath, V. et al. Elucidation of antibacterial effect of calcium chloride against Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum race 4 biovar 3 infecting ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Arch Microbiol 203, 663–671 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-02052-1

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