Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A CryStAl-RDF technique-based integrated circuit topology for fast charging station of electric vehicle (EV)

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Electrical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The range of electric vehicles (EVs) is still limited due to the long amount of time it takes to charge them. However, to overcome the time constraint of recharging electric vehicle batteries, fast charging stations (FCS) can be installed. These stations are capable of fully charging a vehicle's battery in just a few minutes. For this purpose, this manuscript proposes a unidirectional boost converter and Swiss rectifier-based topology to develop an FCS for electric vehicles by using a hybrid control technique. The proposed control method is a combination of both a crystal structure algorithm (CryStAl) and a random decision forest (RDF). Hence, it is called the CryStAl-RDF method. Here, the unidirectional boost converter is utilized to enhance the power factor (PF) and also mitigate harmonics. The voltage of direct current (DC) is controlled at the output side when an unwanted perturbation is found at the AC end. The proposed rectifier is utilized to achieve better efficiency. The objective of the proposed approach is to create a fast charging station that can refill the battery of an electric vehicle quickly and efficiently and reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD). Also, in this study, the current, voltage, and duty cycle are considered initial parameters. The CryStAl technique is used to generate a control signal, which is given to the RDF technique. The optimal control signal is predicted by changing the duty cycle using the RDF technique. The proposed charging station includes an intermediate storage battery, which is utilized to mitigate power pulsations in the grid and to offer extra functionality. At last, the proposed method is simulated in MATLAB, and the performance is analysed with existing methods. The existing approaches, such as PSO, ALO, and SSA, and the proposed method become 4, 6.5, 2.4, and 1.7%, respectively. From this analysis, it concludes that the proposed method has lower THD compared with existing methods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Nil.

Code availability

Nil.

References

  1. Mouli GR, Kefayati M, Baldick R, Bauer P (2017) Integrated PV charging of EV fleet based on energy prices, V2G, and offer of reserves. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 10(2):1313–1325

    Google Scholar 

  2. Khan W, Ahmad F, Alam MS (2019) Fast EV charging station integration with grid ensuring optimal and quality power exchange. Eng Sci Technol Int J 22(1):143–152

    Google Scholar 

  3. Shajin FH, Aruna Devi B, Prakash NB, Sreekanth GR, Rajesh P (2023) Sailfish optimizer with Levy flight, chaotic and opposition-based multi-level thresholding for medical image segmentation. Soft Comput 27:12457–12482

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bai S, Lukic SM (2013) Unified active filter and energy storage system for an MW electric vehicle charging station. IEEE Trans Power Electron 28(12):5793–5803

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kwasinski A (2010) Quantitative evaluation of DC microgrids availability: effects of system architecture and converter topology design choices. IEEE Trans Power Electron 26(3):835–851

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Singh SA, Carli G, Azeez NA, Williamson SS (2017) Modeling, design, control, and implementation of a modified Z-source integrated PV/grid/EV DC charger/inverter. IEEE Trans Industr Electron 65(6):5213–5220

    Google Scholar 

  7. Haubert T, Mindl P, Čeřovský Z (2016) Design of control and switching frequency optimization of DC/DC power converter for super-capacitor. Automatika 57(1):141–149

    Google Scholar 

  8. Tan L, Wu B, Rivera S, Yaramasu V (2015) Comprehensive DC power balance management in high-power three-level DC–DC converter for electric vehicle fast charging. IEEE Trans Power Electron 31(1):89–100

    CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Tan L, Wu B, Yaramasu V, Rivera S, Guo X (2016) Effective voltage balance control for bipolar-DC-bus-fed EV charging station with three-level DC–DC fast charger. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 63(7):4031–4041

    Google Scholar 

  10. Shajin FH, Rajesh P, Raja MR (2022) An efficient VLSI architecture for fast motion estimation exploiting zero motion prejudgment technique and a new quadrant-based search algorithm in HEVC. Circuits Syst Signal Process 41:1751–1774

    Google Scholar 

  11. Rajesh P, Shajin F (2020) A multi-objective hybrid algorithm for planning electrical distribution system. Eur J Electr Eng 22(4–5):224–509

    Google Scholar 

  12. Rajesh P, Kannan R, Vishnupriyan J, Rajani B (2022) Optimally detecting and classifying the transmission line fault in power system using hybrid technique. ISA Trans 130:253–264

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Choobdari Omran K, Mosallanejad A (2018) SMES/battery hybrid energy storage system based on bidirectional Z-source inverter for electric vehicles. IET Electr Syst Transp 8(4):215–220

    Google Scholar 

  14. Zhang Y, Liu Q, Gao Y, Li J, Sumner M (2018) Hybrid switched-capacitor/switched-quasi-Z-source bidirectional DC–DC converter with a wide voltage gain range for hybrid energy sources EVs. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 66(4):2680–2690

    Google Scholar 

  15. Sivaraman P, Prem P (2017) PR controller design and stability analysis of single stage T-source inverter based solar PV system. J Chin Inst Eng 40(3):235–245

    Google Scholar 

  16. Vasiladiotis M, Rufer A (2014) A modular multiport power electronic transformer with integrated split battery energy storage for versatile ultrafast EV charging stations. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 62(5):3213–3222

    Google Scholar 

  17. Khan SA, Islam MR, Guo Y, Zhu J (2019) A new isolated multi-port converter with multi-directional power flow capabilities for smart electric vehicle charging stations. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 29(2):1–4

    Google Scholar 

  18. Devi Vidhya S, Balaji M (2020) Hybrid fuzzy PI controlled multi-input DC/DC converter for electric vehicle application. Automatika 61(1):79–91

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ahrabi RR, Ardi H, Elmi M, Ajami A (2016) A novel step-up multiinput DC–DC converter for hybrid electric vehicles application. IEEE Trans Power Electron 32(5):3549–3561

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Tan L, Zhu N, Wu B (2015) An integrated inductor for eliminating circulating current of parallel three-level DC–DC converter-based EV fast charger. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 63(3):1362–1371

    Google Scholar 

  21. Yacoubi S, Manita G, Korbaa O (2022) A Multiobjective Crystal Optimization-based association rule mining enhanced with TOPSIS for predictive maintenance analysis. Procedia Comput Sci 1(207):2782–2793

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kandasamy V, Mathankumar M, Palanichamy TC, Sivaranjani S (2023) Electric vehicle parameter identification and state of charge estimation of Li-ion batteries: hybrid WSO-HDLNN method. ISA Trans. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2023.07.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Christen D, Tschannen S, Biela J (2012) Highly efficient and compact DC–DC converter for ultra-fast charging of electric vehicles. In: 2012 15th international power electronics and motion control conference (EPE/PEMC), pp LS5d-3. IEEE

  24. Venkatakrishnan GR, Ramasubbu R, Mohandoss R (2022) An efficient energy management in smart grid based on IOT using ROAWFSA technique. Soft Comput 26(22):12689–12702

    Google Scholar 

  25. Venkatakrishnan GR, Rengaraj R, Jeya R, Rajalakshmi, Viswanath KS (2022) Real time dynamic home surveillance using raspberry node. In: International conference on internet of things, pp 14–24.Springer, Cham

  26. Anand H, Rajalakshmi M, Venkatakrishnan GR, Rengaraj R, Jeya R (2022) Energy bill minimisation of dynamic tariff bound residential consumers by intentional load shifting. In: International conference on Internet of Things, pp 79–92.Springer, Cham

  27. Tazay A, Miao Z (2018) Control of a three-phase hybrid converter for a PV charging station. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 33(3):1002–1014

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Lai CM, Cheng YH, Hsieh MH, Lin YC (2017) Development of a bidirectional DC/DC converter with dual-battery energy storage for hybrid electric vehicle system. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 67(2):1036–1052

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ibanez FM, Echeverria JM, Astigarraga D, Fontan L (2015) Soft-switching forward DC–DC converter using a continuous current mode for electric vehicle applications. IET Power Electron 8(10):1978–1986

    Google Scholar 

  30. Tiwary A, Singh M (2020) A Modified PFC rectifier based EV charger employing CC/CV mode of charging. IFAC-PapersOnLine 53(2):13551–13556

    Google Scholar 

  31. Pragaspathy S, Rao RR, Karthikeyan V, Bhukya R, Nalli PK, Korlepara KP (2022) Analysis and appropriate choice of power converters for electric vehicle charging infrastructure. In: 2022 2nd international conference on artificial intelligence and smart energy (ICAIS), pp 1554–1558. IEEE

  32. ElMenshawy M, Massoud A (2021) Development of modular DC–DC converters for low-speed electric vehicles fast chargers. Alex Eng J 60(1):1067–1083

    Google Scholar 

  33. Turksoy O, Yilmaz U, Teke A (2021) Efficient AC–DC power factor corrected boost converter design for battery charger in electric vehicles. Energy 221:119765

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hussein B, Abdi N, Massoud A (2021) Development of a three-phase interleaved converter based on SEPIC DC–DC converter operating in discontinuous conduction mode for ultra-fast electric vehicle charging stations. IET Power Electronics 14(11):1889–1903

    Google Scholar 

  35. Prem P, Sivaraman P, Sakthi Suriya Raj JS, Jagabar Sathik M, Almakhles D (2020) Fast charging converter and control algorithm for solar PV battery and electrical grid integrated electric vehicle charging station. Automatika 61(4):614–625

    Google Scholar 

  36. Mounica P, Rao SS (2022) Bipolar bidirectional DC–DC converter for Bi-polar DC micro-grids with energy storage systems. Int J Electron 109(3):427–443

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ramanathan G, Bharatiraja C, Srikar RS, Tej DS (2022) Implementation of modified Z-source inverter integrated for electric vehicle fast charging. Mater Today Proc 65:265–270

    Google Scholar 

  38. Chiranjeevi T, Gupta UK (2023) Ideal parameter distribution in renewable integrated rapid charging electric vehicle station. Energy Sour Part A Recov Util Environ Effects 45(1):888–904

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ullah Z, Wang S, Wu G, Hasanien HM, Rehman AU, Turky RA, Elkadeem MR (2023) Optimal scheduling and techno-economic analysis of electric vehicles by implementing solar-based grid-tied charging station. Energy 267:126560

    Google Scholar 

  40. Sun C, Li T, Tang X (2023) A data-driven approach for optimizing early-stage electric vehicle charging station placement. IEEE Trans Ind Inf. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2023.3245633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Priyadarshi N, Bhaskar MS, Sanjeevikumar P, Azam F, Khan B (2022) High-power DC–DC converter with proposed HSFNA MPPT for photovoltaic based ultra-fast charging system of electric vehicles. IET Renew Power Gen. https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Chakraborty S, Vu HN, Hasan MM, Tran DD, Baghdadi ME, Hegazy O (2019) DC–DC converter topologies for electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and fast charging stations: state of the art and future trends. Energies 12(8):1569

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Mehrjerdi H, Hemmati R (2020) Stochastic model for electric vehicle charging station integrated with wind energy. Sustain Energy Technol Assess 37:100577

    Google Scholar 

  44. Al-Khayyat AS, Hameed MJ, Manati AM (2019) Third harmonic injection by MMC-Swiss rectifier for offshore HVDC wind turbine applications. Period Eng Natural Sci (PEN) 7(3):952–973

    Google Scholar 

  45. Schrittwieser L, Kolar JW, Soeiro TB (2016) Novel SWISS rectifier modulation scheme preventing input current distortions at sector boundaries. IEEE Trans Power Electron 32(7):5771–5785

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. Zhang B, Xie S, Wang X, Xu J (2019) Modulation method and control strategy for full-bridge-based Swiss rectifier to achieve ZVS operation and suppress low-order harmonics of injected current. IEEE Trans Power Electron 35(6):6512–6522

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. Szymanski JR, Zurek-Mortka M, Wojciechowski D, Poliakov N (2020) Unidirectional DC/DC converter with voltage inverter for fast charging of electric vehicle batteries. Energies 13(18):4791

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Braitor AC, Konstantopoulos GC, Kadirkamanathan V (2020) Current-limiting droop control design and stability analysis for paralleled boost converters in DC microgrids. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 29(1):385–394

    Google Scholar 

  49. Dragičević T, Lu X, Vasquez JC, Guerrero JM (2015) DC microgrids—Part I: a review of control strategies and stabilization techniques. IEEE Trans Power Electron 31(7):4876–4891

    Google Scholar 

  50. Vandoorn TL, Meersman B, Degroote L, Renders B, Vandevelde L (2011) A control strategy for islanded microgrids with DC-link voltage control. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 26(2):703–713

    Google Scholar 

  51. Talatahari S, Azizi M, Tolouei M, Talatahari B, Sareh P (2021) Crystal Structure Algorithm (CryStAl): a metaheuristic optimization method. IEEE Access 9:71244–71261

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kumar P, Nair GG (2021) An efficient classification framework for breast cancer using hyper parameter tuned Random Decision Forest Classifier and Bayesian Optimization. Biomed Signal Process Control 68:102682

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ray P, Bhattacharjee C, Dhenuvakonda KR (2022) Swarm intelligence-based energy management of electric vehicle charging station integrated with renewable energy sources. Int J Energy Res 46(15):21598–21618

    Google Scholar 

  54. Manimaran B, Ranihemamalini R (2023) Antlion-based sliding mode control of Vienna rectifier for internet of electric vehicle. Meas Sens 25:100651

    Google Scholar 

  55. Mohamed AA, El-Sayed A, Metwally H, Selem SI (2020) Grid integration of a PV system supporting an EV charging station using Salp Swarm Optimization. Sol Energy 205:170–182

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

None.

Funding

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

    Mohammed Abdullah Ravindran & Kalaiarasi Nallathambi

Authors
  1. Mohammed Abdullah Ravindran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kalaiarasi Nallathambi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

RMA—Conceptualization, methodology, and original draft preparation and NK—Supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammed Abdullah Ravindran.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval

Nil.

Consent to participate

Nil.

Consent for publication

Nil.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ravindran, M.A., Nallathambi, K. A CryStAl-RDF technique-based integrated circuit topology for fast charging station of electric vehicle (EV). Electr Eng 106, 741–754 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-023-01998-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-023-01998-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation