Abstract
In this paper, steady-state operating conditions of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) are computed considering losses of grid-side (GS) filter. Two different cases are studied for steady-state initialization of the DFIG-based wind turbine systems (WTS). In the first case, active power (P) and reactive power (Q) at DFIG terminals are assumed to be known. In the other case wind speed (\(V_{w}\)), Q is assumed to be known. Apart from considering losses of the DFIG and GS filter, both the cases also consider the non-unity power factor operation of the grid side converter (GSC). For the first case, steady-state operating conditions are calculated by iterative method as well as by non-iterative method. For the second case, iterative method is used to calculate steady-state operating conditions. Calculation of steady-state values of other subsystems of DFIG-based WTS like drive train, controller and network is also shown. The initial values calculated are validated and compared by performing modal analysis and time-domain simulations.
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DRK was involved in conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, investigation, writing — original draft. NSM and SMK contributed to supervision, writing—review & editing, resources.
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Appendices
Appendices
1.1 Appendix A
In this appendix following parameters of WTS are listed as given in Ref. [10]
\(C_p\) = \(c_1(\frac{c_2}{\lambda _i}-c_3\beta -c_4)e^{\frac{-c_5}{\lambda _i}}\), \(\frac{1}{\lambda _i}=\frac{1}{\lambda +0.08\beta }-\frac{0.035}{\beta ^3+1}\)
where \(\lambda \) is tip-speed ratio given by \(\lambda \)=\(\frac{\omega _{rtm}R}{V_w}\), \(\beta \) = pitch angle. \(c_1\)=0.22, \(c_2\)=116, \(c_3\)=0.4, \(c_4\)=5, \(c_5\)=21.
The value of \(k_\textrm{opt}\) is calculated by, \(k_\textrm{opt}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{\rho A C_{p_\textrm{opt}} R^3\omega _{rtmB}^3}{s_B \lambda _\textrm{opt}^3}=0.67031\) pu, where R = Rotor radius, \(\omega _{rtmB}\) = Nominal speed of turbine, \(s_B\) = Base MVA.
when, \(\beta \) = \(0^o\), we have \(\lambda _\textrm{opt}\) = 8.1001, and the corresponding \(C_{p_\textrm{opt}}\) = 0.48.
The considered parameters of GS filter are \(L_g\) = 0.0225 pu, \(R_g\) = 0.012 pu
parameters of DC link capacitors are C = 0.014 F, \(v_{\textrm{d}c}\) = 1200 V
Formula used for fixed point iteration method is \(\vec V_{{s(k+1)}} = \vec {V_1} + (\frac{P+jQ}{\vec {V_{s(k)}}})^*Z_l\).
Transmission line resistance (\(R_l\)) is 0.002 pu. Transmission line reactance (\(X_l\)) (including transformer reactance (\(X_{tr}\))) is 0.02 pu
1.2 Appendix B
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Karthik, D.R., Manjarekar, N.S. & Kotian, S.M. Computation of steady-state operating conditions of a DFIG-based wind energy conversion system considering losses. Electr Eng 105, 1825–1838 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-023-01766-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-023-01766-x