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A novel smart overcurrent protection scheme for renewables-dominated distribution feeders based on quadratic-level multi-agent system (Q-MAS)

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Abstract

Photovoltaic (PV) resources’ installation has numerous advantages in distribution feeders nonetheless they may threaten the selectivity and reliability of protective installations. All proposed schemes including employing distance or directional overcurrent relays, mathematics methods, online overcurrent relay settings change, fault current limiters, PV disconnection after fault, computing optimal installation location of PVs, and the others are too costly or complex or inefficient in PV-penetrated feeders. This paper proposes a new central processor unit to create a smart overcurrent relay and prohibit protection blinding, nuisance tripping, unwanted tripping, and synchronous tripping of overcurrent relay in a PV-penetrated distribution feeder. Firstly, the processor consists of four layers of the multi-agent system, which receives information on the relays and sensed current via the grid. Secondly, each agent is responsible to prevent a separate maloperation event and scrutinizing the input information. Finally, it directs the manipulated commend to the respective breaker if relay has acted incorrectly. Overcurrent relays become smart and miscoordination and maloperation problems are corrected completely by implementing the proposed processor. The proposed scheme is fast, offline, inexpensive, independent of the fault and PV installation location, type and impedance of the fault, and PV capacity. The results indicate the proposed plan has acted successfully with 100% efficiency in all scenarios.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

    Ali Bamshad & Navid Ghaffarzadeh

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  1. Ali Bamshad
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Appendix

Appendix

The solar cell circuit model is expressed in this section. Figure 

Fig. 79
figure 79

Model of a solar cell implemented in simulation

Full size image

79 indicates the single-diode model for solar cells. The parameters of Table 4 are implemented to the technical characteristics of this model.

By writing a KCL in the circuit:

$$ I = I_{g} - I_{d} - I_{{{\text{sh}}}} $$
(24)

where \(I\) is the output current of the cell, \(I_{g}\) is the photocurrent, \(I_{d}\) is the diode current, and \(I_{{{\text{sh}}}}\) is the shunt resistor current, which is calculated by Eq. 25:

$$ I_{{{\text{sh}}}} = \frac{{V - R_{s} \times I}}{{R_{{{\text{sh}}}} }} $$
(25)

Also, the diode current can be calculated by Eq. (26):

$$ I_{d} = I_{sat} \left( {e^{{\frac{{qV_{d} }}{nkT}}} - 1} \right) $$
(26)

By writing a KVL in Fig. 79:

$$ V_{d} = V - R_{sr} \times I $$
(27)

where \(I_{{{\text{sat}}}}\) is the saturation current of the diode, n is the ideal coefficient of the diode, K is the Boltzmann factor, and T is the environment temperature in kelvin in Eq. 26, which temperature and irradiation of solar panel are controlled by their normal PDF specifically, as shown in Fig. 

Fig. 80
figure 80

Input signals of solar panel

Full size image

80:

By interpreting the above equations in Eq. 24, the output current of each cell is calculated by Eq. 28:

$$ I = I_{g} - I_{sat} \left( {e^{{\frac{{q\left( {V_{d} - R_{sr} \times I} \right)}}{nkT}}} - 1} \right) - \frac{{V - R_{s} \times I}}{{R_{sh} }} $$
(28)

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Bamshad, A., Ghaffarzadeh, N. A novel smart overcurrent protection scheme for renewables-dominated distribution feeders based on quadratic-level multi-agent system (Q-MAS). Electr Eng 105, 1497–1539 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-023-01741-6

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