Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Measurement and analysis of significant effects on charging times of radio frequency energy harvesting systems

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Electrical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting as an alternative energy source is an emerging technology that supplies energy for low power wireless devices. In this study, the impacts of RF sources, antenna gains, output power levels and path losses on charging times of an RF energy harvesting system were measured and analyzed in detail. An advanced measurement system that consisted of RF sources used as signal generators, dipole and patch antennas, an RF energy harvesting circuit and the other auxiliary devices were installed for acquiring measurement samples. The generated RF power signals in continuous wave mode at 915 MHz carrier frequency were collected wirelessly by the RF energy harvesting circuit for different antenna gains and output power levels at distances from 20 to 50 cm at the interval of 5 cm. The measurement samples were analyzed statistically. According to the measurement results, it was determined that double RF sources, 6.1 dBi antenna gain and 17 dBm output power level reduced the charging times by 63.09%, 59.24% and 46.41% on average, respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Green MA, Emery K, Hishikawa Y et al (2011) Solar cell efficiency tables (version 38). Prog Photovolt Res Appl 19:565–572. https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.1150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Nurmanova V, Bagheri M, Phung T, Panda SK (2018) Feasibility study on wind energy harvesting system implementation in moving trains. Electr Eng 100:1837–1845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-017-0664-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Siddique ARM, Rabari R, Mahmud S, Van Heyst B (2016) Thermal energy harvesting from the human body using flexible thermoelectric generator (FTEG) fabricated by a dispenser printing technique. Energy 115:1081–1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.09.087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Jeong T (2013) Energy-harvesting system design through Bluetooth environment for smart phone. IET Sci Meas Technol 7:201–205. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2012.0085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Altinel D, Kurt GK (2014) Statistical models for battery recharging time in RF energy harvesting systems. In: 2014 IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC). IEEE, pp 636–641

  6. Bito J, Kim S, Tentzeris M, Nikolaou S (2014) Ambient energy harvesting from 2-way talk-radio signals for “smart” meter and display applications. In: 2014 IEEE antennas and propagation society international symposium (APSURSI). IEEE, pp 1353–1354

  7. Guha K (2011) RF Energy harvesting in agriculture. In: 8th all India peoples’ technology congress

  8. Pinuela M, Mitcheson PD, Lucyszyn S (2013) Ambient RF energy harvesting in urban and semi-urban environments. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 61:2715–2726. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2013.2262687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Cansiz M, Abbasov T, Kurt MB, Celik AR (2016) Mobile measurement of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure level and statistical analysis. Measurement 86:159–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.02.056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Barroca N, Saraiva HM, Gouveia PT, et al (2013) Antennas and circuits for ambient RF energy harvesting in wireless body area networks. In: 2013 IEEE 24th annual international symposium on personal, indoor, and mobile radio communications (PIMRC). IEEE, pp 532–537

  11. Pachón-García FT, Fernández-Ortiz K, Paniagua-Sánchez JM (2015) Assessment of Wi-Fi radiation in indoor environments characterizing the time & space-varying electromagnetic fields. Measurement 63:309–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.12.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kim S, Vyas R, Bito J et al (2014) Ambient RF energy-harvesting technologies for self-sustainable standalone wireless sensor platforms. Proc IEEE 102:1649–1666. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2014.2357031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Baltrėnas P, Buckus R (2013) Measurements and analysis of the electromagnetic fields of mobile communication antennas. Measurement 46:3942–3949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2013.08.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Verloock L, Joseph W, Goeminne F et al (2014) Temporal 24-hour assessment of radio frequency exposure in schools and homes. Measurement 56:50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.06.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ancey P (2005) Ambient functionality in MIMOSA from technology to services. In: Proceedings of the 2005 joint conference on Smart objects and ambient intelligence innovative context-aware services: usages and technologies—sOc-EUSAI’05. ACM Press, New York, NY, USA, p 35

  16. Collado A, Georgiadis A (2014) Optimal waveforms for efficient wireless power transmission. IEEE Microw Wirel Compon Lett 24:354–356. https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2014.2309074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Trotter MS, Griffin JD, Durgin GD (2009) Power-optimized waveforms for improving the range and reliability of RFID systems. In: 2009 IEEE international conference on RFID. IEEE, pp 80–87

  18. Collado A, Georgiadis A (2012) Improving wireless power transmission efficiency using chaotic waveforms. In: 2012 IEEE/MTT-S international microwave symposium digest. IEEE, pp 1–3

  19. Andia Vera G, Allane D, Georgiadis A et al (2015) Cooperative integration of harvesting RF sections for passive RFID communication. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 63:4556–4566. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2015.2495351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ensworth JF, Thomas SJ, Shin SY, Reynolds MS (2014) Waveform-aware ambient RF energy harvesting. In: 2014 IEEE international conference on RFID (IEEE RFID). IEEE, pp 67–73

  21. Kuhn V, Lahuec C, Seguin F, Person C (2015) A multi-band stacked RF energy harvester with RF-to-DC efficiency up to 84%. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 63:1768–1778. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2015.2416233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Sun Hucheng, Guo Yong-xin, He Miao, Zhong Zheng (2012) Design of a high-efficiency 2.45-GHz rectenna for low-input-power energy harvesting. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett 11:929–932. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2012.2212232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Sun H, Geyi W (2016) A new rectenna with all-polarization-receiving capability for wireless power transmission. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett 15:814–817. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2015.2476345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Sun H (2015) An enhanced rectenna using differentially-fed rectifier for wireless power transmission. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett 15:1. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2015.2427197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Olgun U, Chen C-C, Volakis JL (2010) Wireless power harvesting with planar rectennas for 2.45 GHz RFIDs. In: 2010 URSI international symposium on electromagnetic theory. IEEE, pp 329–331

  26. Collado A, Georgiadis A (2013) Conformal hybrid solar and electromagnetic (EM) energy harvesting rectenna. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I Regul Pap 60:2225–2234. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2013.2239154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Keyrouz S, Visser H, Tijhuis A (2013) Multi-band simultaneous radio frequency energy harvesting. In: 2013 7th European conference on antennas and propagation, pp 3058–3061

  28. Song C, Huang Y, Zhou J et al (2017) Matching network elimination in broadband rectennas for high-efficiency wireless power transfer and energy harvesting. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 64:3950–3961. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2016.2645505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Marian V, Allard B, Vollaire C, Verdier J (2012) Strategy for microwave energy harvesting from ambient field or a feeding source. IEEE Trans Power Electron 27:4481–4491. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2012.2185249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Song C, Huang Y, Member S et al (2015) A high-efficiency broadband rectenna for ambient wireless energy harvesting a high-efficiency broadband rectenna for ambient wireless energy harvesting. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63:3486–3495. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2015.2431719

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  31. Altinel D, Karabulut Kurt G (2016) Energy harvesting from multiple RF sources in wireless fading channels. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 65:8854–8864. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2016.2515664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Altinel D, Kurt GK (2018) Finite-state Markov channel based modeling of RF energy harvesting systems. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 67:1713–1725. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2017.2757141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. National Instruments www.ni.com/en-us.html. Accessed 3 Nov 2019

  34. Powercast Corporation www.powercastco.com. Accessed 3 Nov 2019

  35. Microchip Technology www.microchip.com. Accessed 3 Nov 2019

  36. Powercast P2110-EVAL-01 user’s manual

  37. Powercast P2110-EVB Evaluation Board for P2110 Powerharvester datasheet

  38. Balanis CA (2005) Antenna theory: analysis and design, 3rd edn. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Professor Güneş KARABULUT KURT and Wireless Communication Research Laboratory team of Istanbul Technical University for providing equipment support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mustafa Cansiz.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cansiz, M. Measurement and analysis of significant effects on charging times of radio frequency energy harvesting systems. Electr Eng 102, 2521–2528 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-020-01050-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-020-01050-2

Keywords

Navigation