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Low bone mineral density, a neglected condition in North Africa and Middle East: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990–2019

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Abstract

Summary

Due to the high prevalence of low bone mineral density in North Africa and Middle East region, estimating its attributable burden would help to a better understanding of this neglected condition for policymakers and health researchers. This study presented the number of attributable deaths has doubled from 1990 to 2019.

Purpose

This study provides the latest estimates of the burden of low bone mineral density (BMD) from 1990 to 2019 in North Africa and Middle East (NAME) region.

Methods

The data were extracted from the global burden of disease (GBD) 2019 study to estimate epidemiological indices such as deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and summary exposure value (SEV). SEV is a measure of the exposure of the population to a risk factor that considers the amount of exposure by the level of risk.

Results

Our findings showed that in 1990–2019, the number of deaths and DALYs attributable to low BMD had almost doubled in the region and caused 20,371 (95% uncertainty intervals: 14,848–24,374) deaths and 805,959 (630,238–959,581) DALYs in 2019. However, DALYs and death rates showed a decreasing trend after age standardization. Saudi Arabia had the highest, and Lebanon had the lowest age-standardized DALYs rates in 2019, with rates of 434.2 (329.6–534.3) and 90.3 (70.6–112.1) per 100,000, respectively. The highest burden attributable to low BMD was in the 90–94 and over 95 age groups. Also, there was a decreasing trend in age-standardized SEV to low BMD for both sexes.

Conclusion

Despite the decreasing trend of age-standardized burden indices, considerable amounts of deaths and DALYs were attributable to low BMD, especially in the elderly population, in the region in 2019. As the positive effects of proper interventions will be detectable in the long term, robust strategies and comprehensive stable policies are the ultimate solutions to achieving desired goals.

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Data availability

The dataset generated and/or analyzed during the current study is available in the GBD results tool portal, (https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/).

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) based at the University of Washington School of Medicine for their administrative role in conducting the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study and staff of the Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC) and Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI) at Tehran University of Medical Sciences for their invaluable supports.

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Author notes

  1. Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi and Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam have contributed equally to this manuscript.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan, Seyedeh Melika Hashemi, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Zahra Esfahani, Narges Ebrahimi, Parnian Shobeiri, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Sina Rashedi, Sahar Mohammadi Fateh & Farshad Farzadfar

  2. Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel, Germany

    Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam

  3. Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan

  4. Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Esmaeil Mohammadi

  5. Department of Biostatistics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Zahra Esfahani

  6. Rajai Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Sina Rashedi

  7. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Bagher Larijani & Farshad Farzadfar

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  1. Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi
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Correspondence to Bagher Larijani.

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Rashidi, MM., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Azadnajafabad, S. et al. Low bone mineral density, a neglected condition in North Africa and Middle East: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990–2019. Osteoporos Int 34, 1577–1589 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-023-06778-8

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