Abstract
Osteoporosis has until now been considered to be a disease associated with abnormal calcium metabolism. However, an increasing number of clinical observations strongly suggest the association of iron overload with bone diseases, particularly in osteoporosis in menopausal women. The recent identification of hepcidin sheds new light into the crucial role of iron homeostasis in bone metabolism. Decreasing iron overload in cell studies as well as in animal experiments has been shown to improve bone cell metabolism and growth in vitro and in vivo. In view of the significant iron overload found in the aging population, especially in females, the therapeutic potential of lowering iron overload for the treatment of osteoporosis is suggested.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Delbarre F (1960) Osteoporosis in hemochromatosis. Sem Hop 36:3279–3294
Delbarre F (1964) Osteoarticular manifestations of hemochromatosis. Presse Med 72:2973–2978
Duquenne M, Rohmer V, Legrand E, Chappard D, Wion Barbot N, Basle MF, Audran M, Bigorgne JC (1996) Spontaneous multiple vertebral fractures revealed primary haemochromatosis. Osteoporos Int 6(4):338–340
Eyres KS, McCloskey EV, Fern ED, Rogers S, Beneton M, Aaron JE, Kanis JA (1992) Osteoporotic fractures: an unusual presentation of haemochromatosis. Bone 13(6):431–433
Kagan IE, Settarova DA, Tokarev IuN, Burdina LM (1989) Roentgenologic studies of changes of the osteoarticular system in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Gematol Transfuziol 34(10):19–24
Sella EJ, Goodman AH (1973) Arthropathy secondary to transfusion hemochromatosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 55(5):1077–1081
Wardle EN, Patton JT (1969) Bone and joint changes in haemochromatosis. Ann Rheum Dis 28(1):15–23
Nicolino J, Lucciani JM (1967) Apropos of osteoarthropathies in idiopathic hemochromatoses. Diabete 15(3):196–200
Du Lac Y, Deloux G, Deuil R (1967) Arthropathies and chondrocalcinosis during hemochromatosis. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 34(12):758–769
Dorfmann H, Solnica J, Mitrovic D, Dreyfus P (1969) Changes of bones and joints in hemochromatosis. Munch Med Wochenschr 111(25):1396–1401
Lynch SR, Seftel HC, Wapnick AA, Charlton RW, Bothwell TH (1970) Some aspects of calcium metabolism in normal and osteoporotic Bantu subjects with special reference to the effects of iron overload and ascorbic acid depletion. S Afr J Med Sci 35(2):45–56
de Seze S, Solnica J, Mitrovic D, Miravet L, Dorfmann H (1972) Joint and bone disorders and hypoparathyroidism in hemochromatosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2(1):71–94
Sabando P, Miravet L, Dorfman H, Kahn MF, Tun Chot S, Bordier P, Hioco D, De Seze S (1973) The osteopathy of hemochromatosis. Clinical and biological study. Rev Clin Esp 129(6):545–550
Urbina B, de Miguel Mendieta E, Gijon-Banos JG (1983) Joint disease in idiopathic hemochromatosis. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 50(8–9):585–587
Diamond T, Stiel D, Posen S (1989) Osteoporosis in hemochromatosis: iron excess, gonadal deficiency, or other factors? Ann Intern Med 110(6):430–436
Conte D, Caraceni MP, Duriez J, Mandelli C, Corghi E, Cesana M, Ortolani S, Bianchi PA (1989) Bone involvement in primary hemochromatosis and alcoholic cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 84(10):1231–1234
Axford JS (1991) Rheumatic manifestations of haemochromatosis. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 5(2):351–365
Sinigaglia L, Fargion S, Fracanzani AL, Binelli L, Battafarano N, Varenna M, Piperno A, Fiorelli G (1997) Bone and joint involvement in genetic hemochromatosis: role of cirrhosis and iron overload. J Rheumatol 24(9):1809–1813
Zeevaert B, Crielaard JM (1999) Osteoarticular hemochromatosis. Rev Med Liege 54(3):169–174
Vaiopoulos G, Papanikolaou G, Politou M, Jibreel I, Sakellaropoulos N, Loukopoulos D (2003) Arthropathy in juvenile hemochromatosis. Arthritis Rheum 48(1):227–230
Rollot F, Wechsler B, du Boutin le TH, De Gennes C, Amoura Z, Hachulla E, Piette JC (2005) Hemochromatosis and femoral head aseptic osteonecrosis: a nonfortuitous association? J Rheumatol 32(2):376–378
Guggenbuhl P, Deugnier Y, Boisdet JF, Rolland Y, Perdriger A, Pawlotsky Y, Chales G (2005) Bone mineral density in men with genetic hemochromatosis and HFE gene mutation. Osteoporos Int 16(12):1809–1814
Chales G, Guggenbuhl P, Pawlotsky Y (2006) Iron overload and arthropathy. Rev Prat 56(19):2135–2140
Valenti L, Varenna M, Fracanzani AL, Rossi V, Fargion S, Sinigaglia L (2009) Association between iron overload and osteoporosis in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Osteoporos Int 20(4):549–555
Richette P, Ottaviani S, Vicaut E, Bardin T (2010) Musculoskeletal complications of hereditary hemochromatosis: a case–control study. J Rheumatol 37(10):2145–2150
Guggenbuhl P, Fergelot P, Doyard M, Libouban H, Roth MP, Gallois Y, Chales G, Loreal O, Chappard D (2011) Bone status in a mouse model of genetic hemochromatosis. Osteoporos Int 22(8):2313–2319
Guggenbuhl P, Brissot P, Loreal O (2011) Haemochromatosis: the bone and the joint. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 25(5):649–664
Lorincz G, Traub NE, Chuke PO, Hussain SF (1974) African haemosiderosis associated with osteoporosis and vertebral collapse. East Afr Med J 51(6):488–495
Schnitzler CM, Macphail AP, Shires R, Schnaid E, Mesquita JM, Robson HJ (1994) Osteoporosis in African hemosiderosis: role of alcohol and iron. J Bone Miner Res 9(12):1865–1873
Schnitzler CM, Schnaid E, MacPhail AP, Mesquita JM, Robson HJ (2005) Ascorbic acid deficiency, iron overload and alcohol abuse underlie the severe osteoporosis in black African patients with hip fractures—a bone histomorphometric study. Calcif Tissue Int 76(2):79–89
Rioja L, Girot R, Garabedian M, Cournot-Witmer G (1990) Bone disease in children with homozygous beta-thalassemia. Bone Miner 8(1):69–86
Mahachoklertwattana P, Sirikulchayanonta V, Chuansumrit A, Karnsombat P, Choubtum L, Sriphrapradang A, Domrongkitchaiporn S, Sirisriro R, Rajatanavin R (2003) Bone histomorphometry in children and adolescents with beta-thalassemia disease: iron-associated focal osteomalacia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(8):3966–3972
Voskaridou E, Terpos E (2004) New insights into the pathophysiology and management of osteoporosis in patients with beta thalassaemia. Br J Haematol 127(2):127–139
Salama OS, Al-Tonbary YA, Shahin RA, Eldeen OA (2006) Unbalanced bone turnover in children with beta-thalassemia. Hematology 11(3):197–202
Haidar R, Mhaidli H, Musallam K, Taher AT (2012) The spine in beta thalassemia syndromes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 37(4):334–339
Sarrai M, Duroseau H, D’Augustine J, Moktan S, Bellevue R (2007) Bone mass density in adults with sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 136(4):666–672
Sadat-Ali M, Sultan O, Al-Turki H, Alelq A (2011) Does high serum iron level induce low bone mass in sickle cell anemia? Biometals 24(1):19–22
Wibaux C, Legroux-Gerot I, Dharancy S, Boleslawski E, Declerck N, Canva V, Mathurin P, Pruvot FR, Cortet B (2011) Assessing bone status in patients awaiting liver transplantation. Joint Bone Spine 78(4):387–391
Topcheeva ON (2010) Hepatic osteodystrophy in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 6:89–94
Loria I, Albanese C, Giusto M, Galtieri PA, Giannelli V, Lucidi C, Di Menna S, Pirazzi C, Corradini SG, Mennini G, Rossi M, Berloco P, Merli M (2010) Bone disorders in patients with chronic liver disease awaiting liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 42(4):1191–1193
Goral V, Simsek M, Mete N (2010) Hepatic osteodystrophy and liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 16(13):1639–1643
Smith DL, Shire NJ, Watts NB, Schmitter T, Szabo G, Zucker SD (2006) Hyperbilirubinemia is not a major contributing factor to altered bone mineral density in patients with chronic liver disease. J Clin Densitom 9(1):105–113
Diamond T, Stiel D, Lunzer M, Wilkinson M, Roche J, Posen S (1990) Osteoporosis and skeletal fractures in chronic liver disease. Gut 31(1):82–87
Long RG, Meinhard E, Skinner RK, Varghese Z, Wills MR, Sherlock S (1978) Clinical, biochemical, and histological studies of osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and parathyroid function in chronic liver disease. Gut 19(2):85–90
Park CH, Valore EV, Waring AJ, Ganz T (2001) Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver. J Biol Chem 276(11):7806–7810
Youjia Xu, Pierre Sirois, Kai Li (2010) Iron overload plays a unique role in osteoporosis. [E-letter] Blood (9 Sep 2010). http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/116/14/2582.full/reply#bloodjournal_el_524. Accessed 9 Sep 2010
Xi Huang (2010) Treatment of osteoporosis in peri- and post-menopausal women with hepcidin. United States Patent Application Publication, Pub. No.: US 2010/0204122 A1
Xu Y, Li G, Du B, Zhang P, Xiao L, Sirois P, Li K (2011) Hepcidin increases intracellular Ca2+ of osteoblast hFOB1.19 through L-type Ca2+ channels. Regul Pept 172(1–3):58–61
Xu Y, Zhang W, Zhang P, Xiao L, Wang A, Sirois P, Li K (2012) Downregulation of ferroportin 1 expression in hFOB1.19 osteoblasts by hepcidin. Inflammation. doi:10.1007/s10753-011-9411-8
Merono T, Sorroche P, Brites FD (2011) Increased iron store and its relationship with cardiovascular disease. Medicina (B Aires) 71(6):566–572
Sipe JC, Lee P, Beutler E (2002) Brain iron metabolism and neurodegenerative disorders. Dev Neurosci 24(2–3):188–196
Aamodt AH, Stovner LJ, Thorstensen K, Lydersen S, White LR, Aasly JO (2007) Prevalence of haemochromatosis gene mutations in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78(3):315–317
Gille G, Reichmann H (2011) Iron-dependent functions of mitochondria—relation to neurodegeneration. J Neural Transm 118(3):349–359
Guggenbuhl P, Filmon R, Mabilleau G, Basle MF, Chappard D (2008) Iron inhibits hydroxyapatite crystal growth in vitro. Metabolism 57(7):903–910
Yamasaki K, Hagiwara H (2009) Excess iron inhibits osteoblast metabolism. Toxicol Lett 191(2–3):211–215
Zarjou A, Jeney V, Arosio P, Poli M, Zavaczki E, Balla G, Balla J (2010) Ferritin ferroxidase activity: a potent inhibitor of osteogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 25(1):164–172
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM (1990) Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview. Methods Enzymol 186:1–85
Fridovich I (1978) The biology of oxygen radicals. Science 201(4359):875–880
Almeida M, Han L, Martin-Millan M, O’Brien CA, Manolagas SC (2007) Oxidative stress antagonizes Wnt signaling in osteoblast precursors by diverting beta-catenin from T cell factor- to forkhead box O-mediated transcription. J Biol Chem 282(37):27298–27305
Behrens J, von Kries JP, Kuhl M, Bruhn L, Wedlich D, Grosschedl R, Birchmeier W (1996) Functional interaction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1. Nature 382(6592):638–642
Qu ZH, Zhang XL, Tang TT, Dai KR (2008) Promotion of osteogenesis through beta-catenin signaling by desferrioxamine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 370(2):332–337
Ishii KA, Fumoto T, Iwai K, Takeshita S, Ito M, Shimohata N, Aburatani H, Taketani S, Lelliott CJ, Vidal-Puig A, Ikeda K (2009) Coordination of PGC-1beta and iron uptake in mitochondrial biogenesis and osteoclast activation. Nat Med 15(3):259–266
Tsay J, Yang Z, Ross FP, Cunningham-Rundles S, Lin H, Coleman R, Mayer-Kuckuk P, Doty SB, Grady RW, Giardina PJ, Boskey AL, Vogiatzi MG (2010) Bone loss caused by iron overload in a murine model: importance of oxidative stress. Blood 116(14):2582–2589
Isomura H, Fujie K, Shibata K, Inoue N, Iizuka T, Takebe G, Takahashi K, Nishihira J, Izumi H, Sakamoto W (2004) Bone metabolism and oxidative stress in postmenopausal rats with iron overload. Toxicology 197(2):93–100
Kudo H, Suzuki S, Watanabe A, Kikuchi H, Sassa S, Sakamoto S (2008) Effects of colloidal iron overload on renal and hepatic siderosis and the femur in male rats. Toxicology 246(2–3):143–147
Morabito N, Russo GT, Gaudio A, Lasco A, Catalano A, Morini E, Franchina F, Maisano D, La Rosa M, Plota M, Crifo A, Meo A, Frisina N (2007) The “lively” cytokines network in beta-thalassemia major-related osteoporosis. Bone 40(6):1588–1594
Jian J, Pelle E, Huang X (2009) Iron and menopause: does increased iron affect the health of postmenopausal women? Antioxid Redox Signal 11(12):2939–2943
Krause A, Neitz S, Magert HJ, Schulz A, Forssmann WG, Schulz-Knappe P, Adermann K (2000) LEAP-1, a novel highly disulfide-bonded human peptide, exhibits antimicrobial activity. FEBS Lett 480(2–3):147–150
Pigeon C, Ilyin G, Courselaud B, Leroyer P, Turlin B, Brissot P, Loreal O (2001) A new mouse liver-specific gene, encoding a protein homologous to human antimicrobial peptide hepcidin, is overexpressed during iron overload. J Biol Chem 276(11):7811–7819
Nicolas G, Bennoun M, Devaux I, Beaumont C, Grandchamp B, Kahn A, Vaulont S (2001) Lack of hepcidin gene expression and severe tissue iron overload in upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(15):8780–8785
Nicolas G, Bennoun M, Porteu A, Mativet S, Beaumont C, Grandchamp B, Sirito M, Sawadogo M, Kahn A, Vaulont S (2002) Severe iron deficiency anemia in transgenic mice expressing liver hepcidin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(7):4596–4601
Fleming RE, Sly WS (2001) Hepcidin: a putative iron-regulatory hormone relevant to hereditary hemochromatosis and the anemia of chronic disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(15):8160–8162
Nemeth E, Tuttle MS, Powelson J, Vaughn MB, Donovan A, Ward DM, Ganz T, Kaplan J (2004) Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization. Science 306(5704):2090–2093
Nemeth E, Ganz T (2006) Regulation of iron metabolism by hepcidin. Annu Rev Nutr 26:323–342
Ganz T, Nemeth E (2006) Iron imports. IV. Hepcidin and regulation of body iron metabolism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 290(2):G199–G203
De Domenico I, Ward DM, Langelier C, Vaughn MB, Nemeth E, Sundquist WI, Ganz T, Musci G, Kaplan J (2007) The molecular mechanism of hepcidin-mediated ferroportin down-regulation. Mol Biol Cell 18(7):2569–2578
Rivera S, Nemeth E, Gabayan V, Lopez MA, Farshidi D, Ganz T (2005) Synthetic hepcidin causes rapid dose-dependent hypoferremia and is concentrated in ferroportin-containing organs. Blood 106(6):2196–2199
Ma Y, Youjia Xu, Wang A et al (2006) A preliminary report of expression of hepcidin gene in SD rats osteoporosis model. Suzhou Univ J Med Sci 26:367–369
Zhang P, Xu YJ, Zhao DY, Ma Y, Xiao L, Feng YS, Du BC, Qian ZM, Li K (2010) Increased intracellular iron and mineralization of cultured hFOB 1.19 cells following hepcidin activation through ferroportin-1. Saudi Med J 31(12):1303–1308
Ma Y, Xu Y (2010) Research on relationship between FPN1 content and effect of hepcidin on intracellular calcium and iron change in osteoblasts. Bone 47(1):406
Liu G, Men P, Kenner GH, Miller SC (2006) Age-associated iron accumulation in bone: implications for postmenopausal osteoporosis and a new target for prevention and treatment by chelation. Biometals 19(3):245–251
Weinberg ED (2006) Iron loading: a risk factor for osteoporosis. Biometals 19(6):633–635
Wu CH, Yang YC, Yao WJ, Lu FH, Wu JS, Chang CJ (2002) Epidemiological evidence of increased bone mineral density in habitual tea drinkers. Arch Intern Med 162(9):1001–1006
Liu G, Men P, Kenner GH, Miller SC (2008) Therapeutic effects of an oral chelator targeting skeletal tissue damage in experimental postmenopausal osteoporosis in rats. Hemoglobin 32(1–2):181–190
Cornish J, Palmano K, Callon KE, Watson M, Lin JM, Valenti P, Naot D, Grey AB, Reid IR (2006) Lactoferrin and bone; structure–activity relationships. Biochem Cell Biol 84(3):297–302
Conflicts of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, G.F., Pan, Y.Z., Sirois, P. et al. Iron homeostasis in osteoporosis and its clinical implications. Osteoporos Int 23, 2403–2408 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-1982-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-1982-1