Abstract
Doppler measurements are immune to cycle slips, which offers great potential for constructing the ionospheric scintillation indexes. This study proposes a new scintillation index referred to as Doppler Index (\(DI\)) derived from dual-frequency Doppler measurements released by geodetic receivers operating at 1 Hz. The reliability of \(DI\) is compared with the dedicated scintillation indexes \({S}_{4}\) and \({\sigma }_{\varphi }\) outputted by the ionospheric scintillation monitoring receivers (ISMRs) as well as the indexes \(ROTI\) and \({S}_{4c}\) derived from geodetic GNSS receivers. Experimental results suggest that there is strong correlation between \(DI\) and the common scintillation indexes \({S}_{4}\), \({\sigma }_{\varphi }\), and \(ROTI\). The statistics indicate that the mean values of correlation coefficients between \(DI\) and \({S}_{4}\)/\({\sigma }_{\varphi }\) are around 0.6–0.8 based on three ISMR stations data located at low, middle, and high latitudes. Using different types of geodetic GNSS receivers (Septentrio, Javad, Leica, and Trimble) data, the mean values of correlation coefficients between \(DI\) and \(ROTI\) can reach around 0.9. In addition, due to the different tracking technologies and locations for the different receiver types, the features of scintillation occurrence thresholds based on \(DI\) are also analyzed in this study. Statistical results suggest that for the Septentrio, Javad, Leica, and Trimble receivers, the \(\mu +3\sigma \) can be used as the threshold of \(DI\) in ionospheric scintillation monitoring.
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Data availability
GPS data of HNLW station are provided by the Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences through the Geophysics center, National Earth System Science Data Center (http://wdc.geophys.ac.cn). The GPS data of DAWC are provided by the Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (http://chain.physics.unb.ca/chain/). GPS data of SIN0, KOUG, KOUR, and KIRU stations are provided by IGS/MGEX data center CDDIS (https://cddis.nasa.gov/archive/), and that of HKQT is provided by the Hong Kong CORS network (https://www.geodetic.gov.hk/). The \(Dst\) data are released by the NASA’s OMNIweb (https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html).
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42104029), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2021M692975), the Specialized Research Fund for Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics (No. DQXX2021-11), the Open Research Fund Program of LIESMARS (No. 21P03), the Open Research Fund Program of State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth’s Dynamics, and Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology (No. SKLGED2022-3-2). Galera Monico was supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) Grant 304773/2021-2. The authors are also grateful to the three reviewers for the constructive comments regarding to this paper.
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YL and XL provided the initial idea and designed the experiments for this study; XL and ZX carried out the designed experiments and wrote the paper; ZX, XL, JFGM, BZ, and VASP processed and analyzed the data; all authors discussed, commented on, and reviewed the manuscript.
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Luo, X., Xie, Z., Monico, J.F.G. et al. An ionospheric scintillation index derived from dual-frequency Doppler measurements released by geodetic GNSS receivers operating at 1 Hz. J Geod 97, 70 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-023-01760-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-023-01760-y