Abstract
For many practical applications, ranging from cadastre and engineering to scientific, GNSS locations must refer to a specific epoch in a known reference frame to establish a consistent spatial relationship between georeferenced features measured at different times. When an earthquake occurs, an effectively instantaneous coseismic offset in position is observed. This offset varies as a function of distance and direction from the earthquake’s rupture zone and depends on its type and magnitude. When GNSS is used to measure the position of a point after an earthquake, the result includes the coseismic displacement suffered by that point and this displacement must be removed to provide coordinates in the conventional epoch. When post-event GNSS observations are far from continuous GNSS monitoring stations, their coseismic displacements are unknown and must be estimated using surrounding continuous GNSS stations. Interpolation of coseismic displacements, however, is difficult unless a sufficiently dense continuous GNSS network exists, especially in the near-field. We present a methodology for estimating coseismic displacements in areas with low-density continuous GNSS coverage by using geophysical models in a hybrid (dynamic-kinematic) mode. We do this using elastic deformation of a spherical earth to constrain the overall coseismic displacement field without imposing the usual geodynamic constraints on fault slip distribution. Application of this methodology to the 2010 Maule and 2015 Illapel, Chile, earthquakes provides coseismic estimates on survey GNSS stations with rms (95% confidence interval) residuals of ~ 3 cm for Maule, and ~ 2 cm for Illapel. We also tested our models using InSAR and found that the models correctly predict the near-field deformation.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Patricia Alvarado (Universidad Nacional de San Juan, UNSJ; INPRES), Jorge Emilio Russ, Hugo Baigorri (Instituto Nacional de Prevención Sísmica, INPRES), Alfredo Herrada (UNSJ), Arturo Curatola (Reserva Don Carmelo), Gustavo González (Fundación Arte y Ciencia), Minera Andina del Sol (Veladero mine), Austral Gold (Casposo mine), Parque Provincial Ischigualasto, Complejo Astronómico El Leoncito, CASLEO, Benjamin Brooks (U. Hawaii, Manoa), Adolfo García (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN), Horacio Barrera (IGN), Francisco Ruiz and Jorge Sisterna (Instituto Geofísico-Sismológico Volponi). We would like to thank Xiaopeng Tong for providing the InSAR data for the Maule earthquake. We would like to thank Milan Lazecký for producing the interferogram for the Illapel earthquake as well as providing additional information regarding the precision of the LiCSAR dataset. We would also like to thank Associate Editor Anna Klos, reviewer Jeffrey Freymueller and two anonymous reviewers for their detailed and insightful comments that helped to improve this work.
Funding
This work has been supported by grants: Smalley acknowledges support from the NSF for the grants: RAPID: GPS Observations of Co- and Post-seismic Deformation in the Argentine Andes, Precordillera, and Sierras Pampeanas from the 16 Sep 2015, Mw 8.3, Illapel, Chile, Earthquake, NSF - EAR 1602764, and Collaborative Research: Great Earthquakes, Megathrust Phenomenology and Continental Dynamics in the Southern Andes, NSF - EAR-1118241, and the Center for Earthquake Research and Information, The University of Memphis; Gómez acknowledges support from the Instituto Geográfico Nacional de Argentina; Figueroa acknowledges support from the Instituto Geofísico-Sismológico Volponi; and Gómez, Figueroa, and Sobrero acknowledge support from the Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University. This material is based on services provided by the GAGE Facility, operated by UNAVCO, Inc., with support from the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under NSF Cooperative Agreement EAR-1724794.
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DDG developed the method in collaboration with MAF, FSS, and RS. RS, DDG, and FSS deployed the CGNSS and SGNSS stations in Argentina. MGB, DJC, and EK deployed the CGNSS and SGNSS stations in Chile. DDG, MAF, FSS, and RS wrote the manuscript. MAF and FSS created Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and Supplementary Figs. S1–S7. All authors edited the manuscript.
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Data are public and available through the websites of the Argentine IGN https://www.ign.gob.ar/NuestrasActividades/Geodesia/Ramsac/DescargaRinex, the Chilean Centro Sismológico Nacional http://gps.csn.uchile.cl/data/, the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/geosciences/geodetic-positioning/geodetic-networks.html and through the UNAVCO Facility Archive. Surface displacement forward fields for Maule and Illapel (including co- and postseismic) are available through Github https://github.com/demiangomez/vel-ar. LiCSAR contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2015) analyzed by the Center for the Observation and Modeling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET). LiCSAR uses JASMIN, the UK’s collaborative data analysis environment (http://jasmin.ac.uk). The aftershock sequence to delimit the Maule rupture zone and other metadata was obtained from https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official20100227063411530_30/executive. The aftershock sequence to delimit the Illapel rupture zone and other metadata was obtained from https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us20003k7a/finite-fault. The Slab 1.0 model for South America was obtained from https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/slab/models/. The Slab2 model for South America was obtained from https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PV6JNV.
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Gómez, D.D., Figueroa, M.A., Sobrero, F.S. et al. On the determination of coseismic deformation models to improve access to geodetic reference frame conventional epochs in low-density GNSS networks. J Geod 97, 46 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-023-01734-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-023-01734-0