Abstract
UT1–UTC is one of the Earth orientation parameters (EOP) that can only be determined by very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), observing distant celestial sources to measure the Earth rotation angle. Earth orbiting satellites tracked from Earth are insensitive to this angle, and the orbit determination and time synchronization (ODTS) procedure for GNSS satellites hence requires the UT1–UTC as an input. Today, UT1–UTC is provided by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). A VLBI transmitter (VT) onboard GNSS satellites would, as an alternative way, allow the direct transfer of this information as an integrated step to the ODTS process thanks to the space-tie established between the VLBI and GNSS techniques. Here, we investigate the transfer quality of the UT1–UTC in such a concept by considering different VLBI baselines. In the simulations, we assume observations from a VT onboard a Galileo satellite together with quasar observations acquired with the same VLBI ground stations during a session and therewith allowing to directly transfer UT1–UTC to the GNSS constellation. The geometrical setting of the Galileo satellite with respect to the ground stations is quantified by the UT1–UTC dilution of precision (UDOP). Our simulations show that it is feasible to transfer UT1–UTC with a precision of about \(30~\upmu \text {s}\) for a long VLBI baseline where the UT1–UTC precision estimated from quasar observations is \(20~\upmu \text {s}\). Using VLBI networks instead of a single baseline can improve the transfer precision further by more than 20 \(\%\) depending on the baseline selection.
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Data availability
The multi-GNSS datasets used during the current study are available from: http://ftp.aiub.unibe.ch/CODE_MGEX/. Calculations are based on Bernese GNSS Software Version 5.2 licensed from University of Bern.
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Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by ESA through the Project on VLBI transmitter for G2G (Galileo 2nd Generation, Contract No. 40000129356/19/NL/AS), with Antwerp Space as Prime Contractor. Funded by EU; ESA has received funds in its quality as funding body under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. This work has also received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreements Nos. 670874 and 855677).
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UH and OK defined the research topic, HS ran the simulations with the support from UH, and all authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript.
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Sert, H., Hugentobler, U., Karatekin, O. et al. Potential of UT1–UTC transfer to the Galileo constellation using onboard VLBI transmitters. J Geod 96, 83 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-022-01675-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-022-01675-0