Abstract
On May 21, 2021, a Mw 7.4 earthquake struck the Maduo County in Qinghai province of China. The earthquake was well recorded by the surrounding high-rate Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations. In addition to GPS, GLONASS and BDS2 observations, these stations also recorded the latest BDS3 and Galileo observations. The performance of high-rate single-GNSS and fusion of multi-GNSS on warning magnitude calculation, rapid centroid moment tensor inversion and static fault slip inversion are well investigated in this study. The results demonstrate that within a short period of time (5 min), Precise Point Positioning (PPP) displacements of BDS3 alone are better than those of BDS2 alone, while the individual displacement accuracies of BDS3, GPS and Galileo are comparable. When BDS3 and BDS2 data are combined, the combined BDS accuracy is slightly better than that of GPS or Galileo alone. Compared with the single-GNSS displacements, the fusion of GPS + GLONASS + Galileo + BDS3/2 (GREC) can achieve the highest accuracy with standard deviation values of 0.25 cm, 0.22 cm and 0.53 cm in north, east and up components, respectively. For the warning magnitude estimation, BDS3 alone, BDS2 alone, combined BDS3/2, combined GPS + BDS3/2, Galileo alone and GREC all show comparable performance. The results of centroid moment tensor inversion and static fault slip inversion are related to the station distribution. When the same stations are used, the inverted centroid moment tensors and static fault slips of a single GNSS are very similar to the multi-GNSS inversion results, but the multi-GNSS centroid moment tensor series and fault slips appear to be more stable when the observation quality of a single GNSS such as GLONASS, is relatively low. The results obtained in this study imply that GPS, BDS3, Galileo and combined multi-GNSS have the potential to be used for the earthquake early warning and rapid earthquake source modeling.
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Data availability
The final precise orbit and clock products provided by the IGS Data Center of Wuhan University can be found at ftp://igs.gnsswhu.cn/pub/. The GNSS observations and processed displacements are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank anonymous reviewers and editors for their constructive comments. We thank Dr. Yuanming Shu for assistance with the GLONASS data processing. The authors acknowledge the Crustal Movement Observation Network Of China (CMONOC), the Continuously Operating Reference Stations of Qinghai Province in China (CORS) and the China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd. for providing multi-GNSS observations. This work is co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 41721003, 41974004 and 42074007, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. 22CX06034A, the National Key Research Development Program of China under Grant No. 2018YFC1503604 and Natural Science Foundation of Shandong province of China under Grant No. ZR2019MD005.
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JZ performed the research, processed the data and wrote the manuscript; YW designed the research, analyzed the results and revised the manuscript; ZL designed the research, processed the data and revised the manuscript; CX designed the research, analyzed the results and revised the manuscript; KH contributed to the fault slip inversion; PZ contributed to the data processing; GW contributed to the centroid moment tensor inversion; SF contributed to the GNSS displacement analysis. All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Zang, J., Wen, Y., Li, Z. et al. Rapid source models of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo, China, earthquake inferred from high-rate BDS3/2, GPS, Galileo and GLONASS observations. J Geod 96, 58 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-022-01641-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-022-01641-w