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Soft clustering of GPS velocities from a homogeneous permanent network in Turkey

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Abstract

Global positioning system (GPS) velocities have long and widely been used on various scales in revealing the deformations of the continental lithosphere. We present a homogeneous geodetic velocity field with high precision derived from ~ 10-year-long permanent GPS observations throughout Turkey. Without any apriori information or assumption, the cluster analysis might be applied upon the velocity fields for inspection, before going further in the analyses used prevalently in tectonic studies. We first “hard clustered” the velocities using k-means, hierarchical agglomerative clustering and Gaussian mixture models and examined how the cluster assignments change by tuning the algorithm-specific parameters. The Eurasian and the Arabian blocks which are separated from the Anatolian block with the strike-slip North and East Anatolian faults have been detected immediately. The Anatolian block itself has been divided into three blocks where the cluster assignments of the velocities at the transition zones might differ according to the chosen hard clustering algorithm. We then applied soft clustering using an appropriate Gaussian mixture model fit and created a probability map exhibiting the credibility of the cluster assignments. The detection capability of the cluster analysis has been demonstrated by comparison to various previously published block models of western Turkey. Cluster analysis detected the most pronounced blocks in western Turkey successfully, especially when the initially chosen number of clusters is not too large. The probability map of soft clustering can be used to modify the block boundaries together with the external validation.

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Acknowledgements

This study would not have been possible without the continuous data of CORS-TR stations operated by the General Directorate of Mapping and the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre, Turkey. We thank the editors and the two anonymous reviewers for their thorough and constructive reviews that helped to improve the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geodetic and Geographic Information Technologies, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

    Soner Özdemir & Mahmut Onur Karslıoğlu

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Geomatics Engineering Division, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

    Mahmut Onur Karslıoğlu

Authors
  1. Soner Özdemir
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  2. Mahmut Onur Karslıoğlu
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Correspondence to Soner Özdemir.

Appendix

Appendix

See Table 7.

Table 7 Horizontal velocity field in Eurasia-fixed reference frame
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Özdemir, S., Karslıoğlu, M.O. Soft clustering of GPS velocities from a homogeneous permanent network in Turkey. J Geod 93, 1171–1195 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-019-01235-z

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