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Exploring the influence of graphene incorporation on the characteristics of 3D-printed PLA

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Abstract

Additive manufacturing has revolutionized the production of intricate components, allowing for diverse material utilization, mainly polymers. However, polymer parts typically exhibit around 85% of the mechanical strength of injection-molded parts. Fillers have the potential to improve the mechanical properties of polymer-based additively manufactured components to meet specific design requirements. However, their incorporation requires careful assessment due to potential interactions with other material properties, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation. This study aimed to investigate the influence of graphene addition on the chemical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical characteristics of polylactic acid (PLA). Chemical characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermal properties were analyzed via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Electrical properties were evaluated in terms of resistance, resistivity, and conductivity. Mechanical properties were assessed through tensile, flexural, notch sensitivity, and impact tests, as well as hardness measurements. Raman spectra of PLA graphene samples exhibited characteristic D, G, and 2D bands, while FTIR spectra showed no graphene-related peaks, indicating the lack of chemical interactions between graphene and the polymer matrix. XRD analysis indicated a low level of crystallinity, while DSC measurements unveiled alterations in the thermal characteristics. Graphene addition significantly influenced the fusion, crystallization, and crystallinity of PLA. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated the effect of graphene on the onset of thermal decomposition. Graphene imparted electrical conductivity to PLA making it conductive. Tensile and flexural tests demonstrated substantial improvements in strength, stiffness, and deformation. Single-edge notched bend and impact tests revealed changes in crack initiation, propagation, and fracture energy. Additionally, the incorporation of graphene increased PLA hardness.

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Data and materials will be available upon request.

Notes

  1. It is clarified that the stress intensity factor quantifies the stress magnitude occurring at the crack tip.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Fozit Soluções em Tecnologia LTDA for the donation of the materials used in this study and for conducting the 3D printing of the specimens. We also extend our gratitude to the Laboratories of Product and Process Development and Innovation (LADIPP) and Physical Metallurgy, both affiliated with the Department of Mechanical Engineering at UFSM, for conducting the mechanical characterizations. Additionally, we thank the Laboratory of Environmental Processes (LAPAM) and the Analytical Central (CADEQ), both affiliated with the Department of Chemical Engineering at UFSM, for performing the chemical and thermal characterizations. Our appreciation also goes to Professor Sailer Santos dos Santos from the Laboratory of Inorganic Materials (LMI) at the Department of Chemistry at UFSM for conducting the Raman spectroscopy characterizations.

Funding

Professor C.J. Scheuer acknowledges support from CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) through Grant No. 309675/2022-7.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Postgraduate Program in Mechanical Engineering (PGMec), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima no. 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, C.P, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil

    Janaina Liesenfeld, Jailton Jair Jablonski, Juliana Rosemara Felisberto da Silva, Alexandre Aparecido Buenos & Cristiano José Scheuer

  2. Fozit Technology Solutions Ltd, Timbó, SC, Brazil

    Jailton Jair Jablonski

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  1. Janaina Liesenfeld
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  2. Jailton Jair Jablonski
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  3. Juliana Rosemara Felisberto da Silva
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  4. Alexandre Aparecido Buenos
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  5. Cristiano José Scheuer
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study. JJJ was responsible for printing the samples. JL conducted the characterization of the printed samples and analyzed the results, with assistance from AAB and CJS. JRFdS assisted in conducting the mechanical tests. The initial draft of the manuscript was written by CJS, and all authors provided feedback on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Cristiano José Scheuer.

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Liesenfeld, J., Jablonski, J.J., da Silva, J.R.F. et al. Exploring the influence of graphene incorporation on the characteristics of 3D-printed PLA. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 130, 5813–5835 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13032-w

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