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Influence of welding position and dilution on mechanical properties and strengthening design of flux cored arc weld metal for high manganese steels

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Abstract    

In the flux cored arc welding of high-Mn steels, the effects of the welding position and heat input on the dilution rate and mechanical properties were investigated using an austenitic stainless steel filler with a lower strength than that of the base metal. Horizontal (2G) and vertical-up (3G-UP) position welding was conducted under low- and high-heat input conditions. The 3G-UP welding position had a higher dilution rate than the 2G welding position, and the yield strength and tensile strength were relatively high at appropriate heat input rather than excessive heat input in 3G-UP. A fully austenitic microstructure with a dendritic structure was primarily observed, and oxide inclusions were observed in the weld metal. The primary dendrite arm spacing was dependent on the heat input rather than on the chemical composition. From the multiple regression model based on the chemical composition and heat input, the strength of the weld metal was determined mainly by monitoring the welding heat input and C, Cu, Mo, and Cr contents. The soundness of high-Mn steel welds with an under-matched filler was confirmed to fulfill the mechanical property requirements for cryogenic applications regardless of the welding position and heat input, and an empirical model to estimate the strength of high-Mn welds was established as follows: Yield Strength (MPa) = 297.7 + 382 × C + 23.2 × Mo + 2.93 × Cr + 438 × Cu – 2.58 × Heat Input (HI).

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Abbreviations

LNG:

Liquefied natural gas

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

FCA:

Flux cored arc

2G-L:

2G position/low heat input

2G-H:

2G position/high heat input

3G-L:

3G position/low heat input

3G-H:

3G position/high heat input

NDE:

Nondestructive examination

RT:

Radiographic testing

RH:

Relative humidity

OES:

Optical emission spectroscopy

OM:

Optical microscopy

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

EDS:

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

EBSD:

Electron backscatter diffraction

HV:

Vickers hardness value

IMO:

International Maritime Organization

PDAS:

Primary dendrite arm spacing

UGC:

Unique grain color

R2 :

The coefficient of determination

D:

Dilution rate

Cw :

Elemental compositions of the weld metal

Cwc :

Elemental compositions of the welding consumables

Cb :

Elemental compositions of the base metal

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Funding

This work was supported by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology grant funded by the Korean Government (The Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy) (P0023676, HRD Program for Industrial Innovation).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Manufacturing Innovation Lab, HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering Co., LTD., Seoul, 03058, Korea

    Sukil Park, Juyeon Won & Seungmin Yoo

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea

    Sukil Park, Byungrok Moon & Namhyun Kang

  3. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97229, USA

    Cheolhee Kim

  4. Advanced Joining & Additive Manufacturing R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon, 21999, Korea

    Cheolhee Kim

Authors
  1. Sukil Park
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  2. Juyeon Won
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  5. Cheolhee Kim
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Sukil Park, Juyeon Won, and Seungmin Yoo. Analysis was performed by Sukil Park, Byungrok Moon, and Juyeon Won. The whole investigation was advised by Cheolhee Kim and Namhyun Kang. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sukil Park, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Cheolhee Kim or Namhyun Kang.

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Appendix

Appendix

1.1 Experimental data for the yield strength model

Fifteen data points were used to establish a multiple regression model for predicting the strength of the weld metal based on the chemical composition and heat input. In Tests 1–4, high-Mn and austenitic stainless steels were used as the base and filler metals, respectively, as specified in Section 2.1. The measured data are shown in Fig. 4 and Tables 2 and 3. In tests 5–15, the base metals were high-Mn steel, stainless steel, and 9% Ni steel, whereas the filler metal was austenitic stainless steel. The chemical composition and strength were measured according to the procedure described in Section 2.2. The heat input varied between 10–37.4 kJ/cm in the dataset.

Table

Table 7 Chemical composition, heat input, and strength of the weld metal used for the multiple regression analysis
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7

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Park, S., Won, J., Yoo, S. et al. Influence of welding position and dilution on mechanical properties and strengthening design of flux cored arc weld metal for high manganese steels. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 130, 3509–3523 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12765-4

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