Abstract
Laser weaving welding is considered to be a promising joining method for aluminum and titanium alloys, because it has a special advantage in solving the problem of welding porosity with a single heat source. Laser head with beam weaving module has been widely used in industrial lasers of various levels. Due to the regular weaving of the laser during welding, the convection in the weld pool is enhanced, so that the pores have more time to escape, thus reducing the pores in the weld. However, the more in-depth mechanism has not been well understood. In view of the great significance of weaving welding process for weld quality, the influence of laser weaving welding process parameters on porosity and the promotion of weld microstructure evolution are studied. The results show that with the increase of weaving frequency, the proportion of small angle grain boundary increases, grain refinement and porosity decrease. When the weaving frequency is 8 Hz, the tensile strength reaches the maximum of 176 MPa, which is about 85% of the base metal. The tensile strength of the weaving weld is 24.8% higher than that of the conventional weld. Based on the experimental results, the relationship between microstructure and weld performance was studied to optimize the welding strategy to meet the industrial needs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
He X, Zhao L, Deng C, Xing B, Gu F, Ball A (2015) Self-piercing riveting of similar and dissimilar metal sheets of aluminum alloy and copper alloy. Mater Des 65:923–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.002
Miller WS, Zhuang L, Bottema J, Wittebrood AJ, Smet PD, Haszler A et al (2000) Recent development in aluminium alloys for the automotive industry. Mater Sci Eng A 280:37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00653-X
Yang S, Jing Z, Jin L, Lei Y (2013) Welding of aluminum alloy to zinc coated steel by cold metal transfer. Mater Des 49:602–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.01.045
Qin G, Ji Y, Ma H, Ao Z (2017) Effect of modified flux on MIG arc brazing-fusion welding of aluminum alloy to steel butt joint. J Mater Process Technol 245:115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.02.022
Oguocha I, Adigun OJ, Yannacopoulos S (2008) Effect of sensitization heat treatment on properties of Al–Mg alloy AA5083-H116. J Mater Sci 43:4208–4214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2606-1
Wen SP, Xing ZB, Huang H, Li BL, Nie ZR (2009) The effect of erbium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Mg–Mn–Zr alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 516:42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.02.045
Popović M, Romhanji E (2002) Stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of Al–Mg alloy sheet with high Mg content. J Mater Process Tech 125:275–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(02)00398-9
Moshwan R, Yusof F, Hassan MA, Rahmat SM (2015) Effect of tool rotational speed on force generation, microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded Al–Mg–Cr–Mn (AA 5052-O) alloy. Mater Des 66:118–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.043
Junfeng Q, Zhen N, Dongyun Z, Tiechuan Z (2008) Control of Shaping of Welds for CO2 Laser Welding Shipbuilding T-Section Aluminum Alloy. Chin J Lasers 35:297–302. https://doi.org/10.3788/CJL20083502.0297
Zang Z, Zeng X, Du J, Wang M, Tang X (2016) Femtosecond laser direct writing of microholes on roughened ZnO for output power enhancement of InGaN light-emitting diodes. Opt Lett 41:3463. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.41.003463
Kong XF, Li F, Lv J, Wu S, Xiao R (2014) Fiber Laser Welding of 5083 Aluminum Alloy with Filler Wire. Chin J Lasers 41:81–86. https://doi.org/10.3788/CJL201441.1003007
Yu Y, Wang C, Hu X, Wang J, Yu S (2010) Porosity in fiber laser formation of 5A06 aluminum alloy. J Mech Sci Technol 24:1077–1082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-010-0309-4
Hekmatjou H, Naffakh-Moosavy H (2018) Hot cracking in pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of AA5456. Opt Laser Technol 103:22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.01.020
Yu Y, Huang W, Wang G (2013) Investigation of melting dynamics of filler wire during wire feed laser welding. J Mech Sci Technol 27:1097–1108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-013-0218-4
Leo P, Renna G, Casalino G, Olabi AG (2015) Effect of power distribution on the weld quality during hybrid laser welding of an Al–Mg alloy. Opt Laser Technol 73:118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.04.021
Bunaziv I, Akselsen OM, Salminen A, Unt A (2016) Fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding of 5 mm 5083 aluminum alloy. J Mater Process Technol 233:107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.02.018
Chen Y, He Y, Chen H, Zhang H, Chen S (2014) Effect of weave frequency and amplitude on temperature field in weaving welding process. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 75:803–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6157-0
Faraji AH, Moradi M, Goodarzi M, Colucci P, Maletta C (2017) An investigation on capability of hybrid Nd:YAG laser-TIG welding technology for AA2198 Al-Li alloy. Opt Lasers Eng 96:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2017.04.004
Han B, Tao W, Chen Y, Li H (2017) Double-sided laser beam welded T-joints for aluminum-lithium alloy aircraft fuselage panels: Effects of filler elements on microstructure and mechanical properties. Opt Laser Technol 93:99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.02.004
Zhang X, Yang W, Xiao R (2015) Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser beam welded Al–Li alloy 2060 with Al–Mg filler wire. Mater Des 88:446–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.144
Yang G, Jie S, Tong W, Carlson BE, Wang HP, Radovan K (2018) Tensile behavior of fusion-brazed aluminum alloy coach-peel joints fabricated by a dual-beam laser. J Mater Process Technol 261:184–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.06.016
Yuan R, Deng S, Cui H, Chen Y, Lu F (2019) Interface characterization and mechanical properties of dual beam laser welding-brazing Al/steel dissimilar metals. J Manuf Process 40:37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.03.005
Mann V, Hofmann K, Schaumberger K, Weigert T, Schmidt M (2018) Influence of oscillation frequency and focal diameter on weld pool geometry and temperature field in laser beam welding of high strength steels. Procedia CIRP 74:470–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.08.148
Miyagi M, Zhang X, Kawahito Y, Katayama S (2017) Surface void suppression for pure copper by high-speed laser scanner welding - ScienceDirect. J Mater Process Technol 240:52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.09.008
Zhao L, Zhang XD, Chen WZ, Bao G (2004) Repression of porosity with beam weaving laser welding. Trans China Weld Inst 2004:29–32. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2003.821766
Fetzer F, Sommer M, Weber R, Weberpals JP, Graf T (2018) Reduction of pores by means of laser beam oscillation during remote welding of AlMgSi. Opt Lasers Eng 108:68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2018.04.012
Kim BH, Kang NH, Oh WT, Kim CH, Kim JH, Kim YS et al (2011) Effects of Weaving Laser on Weld Microstructure and Crack for Al 6k21-T4 Alloy. J Mater Sci Technol 01:95–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-0302(11)60031-5
Kim C, Kang M, Kang N (2013) Solidification crack and morphology for laser weave welding of Al 5J32 alloy. Sci Technol Weld Join 18:57–61. https://doi.org/10.1179/1362171812Y.0000000073
Choi KD, Ahn YN, Kim C (2010) Weld strength improvement for Al alloy by using laser weaving method. J Laser Appl 22:116–119. https://doi.org/10.2351/1.3499456
Wang L, Gao M, Zhang C, Zeng X (2016) Effect of beam oscillating pattern on weld characterization of laser welding of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy. Mater Des 108:707–717
Müller A, Goecke SF, Sievi P, Albert F, Rethmeier M (2014) Laser Beam Oscillation Strategies for Fillet Welds in Lap Joints. Phys Procedia 56:458–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.149
Sung HJ, Na HS, Kang CY (2017) Effect of Dynamic Reheating Induced by Weaving on the Microstructure of GTAW Weld Metal of 25% Cr Super Duplex Stainless Steel Weld Metal. Met - Open Access Metall J 7:490. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7110490
Cai C, Li L, Chen X, Feng J (2016) Study on laser-MAG hybrid weaving welding characteristics for high-strength steel. J Laser Appl 28:022401. https://doi.org/10.2351/1.4944095
Wang X (2013) Acting Mechanism of Active YAG Laser Welding of 6061 Aluminum Alloy Plate with Lower Power. J Mech Eng 49:37. https://doi.org/10.3901/JME.2013.04.037
Taheri N, Naffakh-Moosavy H, Ghaini FM (2017) A new procedure for refurbishment of power plant Superalloy 617 by pulsed Nd:YAG laser process. Opt Laser Technol 91:71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2016.12.013
Geng S, Jiang P, Shao X, Guo L, Gao X (2020) Heat transfer and fluid flow and their effects on the solidification microstructure in full-penetration laser welding of aluminum sheet. J Mater Sci Technol 46:50–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.10.027
Lee BH, Kim SH, Park JH, Kim HW, Lee JC (2016) Role of Mg in simultaneously improving the strength and ductility of Al–Mg alloys. Mater Ence Eng A 657:115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.01.089
Malekshahi BZ, Malek GF, Naffakh-Moosavy H, Sheikhi M, Torkamany MJ (2018) Magnesium Loss in Nd:YAG Pulsed Laser Welding of Aluminum Alloys. Metall Mater Trans B 49:2896–2905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-018-1315-7
Funding
This research work was supported by the financial support from the National Key R & D Program of China (No.2018YFB1107801, No.2018YFB1107802).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Fangyong Niu contributed to funding acquisition, conceptualization, methodology and writing—review and editing. Bokai Tang contributed to methodology, formal analysis and writing—original draft. Kaojie Yue and Dehua Liu performed writing—review and editing. Guangyi Ma contributed to funding acquisition and writing—review and editing. Dongjiang Wu helped with resources and writing—review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
The manuscript contains original ideas which have never been published before in other journals.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Niu, F., Tang, B., Yue, K. et al. Effect of weaving frequency on pulsed laser weaving welding of thin 5052 aluminum alloy sheet. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 119, 4541–4558 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08626-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08626-7