Abstract
A number of surface modification processes have been developed over the past decades. Depending on the application in industry, different processes are selected to meet the needs. Shot peening is one of the widely adopted surface modification processes in various industries dedicated for improving the material properties. On the other hand, hammer peening is an emerging and promising surface modification process that can provide wide range of benefits, encompassing fatigue life enhancement, surface finish improvement and texturing, microstructural refinement, corrosion, and wear resistance. This technology has been extensively studied on its application as a post-welding treatment on metal alloys. However, there is limited information available for other applications such as additive manufacturing. This paper discusses how hammer peening has evolved into its current state today and the role it played in various industries. The variants of hammer peening technology and the standardized key process parameters are elucidated. In view of the rigorous research and development, the current state-of-the-art on different applications area also represented. Despite the proven capability by many studies, the gaps to the industrialization of this technology still exist which are identified in the final section of the paper.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated from this review article.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Klotz T, Delbergue D, Bocher P, Levesque M, Bochu M (2018) Surface characteristics and fatigue behavious of shot peened Inconel. Int J Fatigue 718(110):10–21
Aggarwal S (2010) The physical and microstructural properties of peened austenitic stainless steel. University of Manchester, Manchester
Wohlfahrt H (1984) The Influence of Peening Conditions On The Resulting Distribution Of Residual Stress. Conf Proc: International Conference of Shot Peening ICSP-2:316–331
Altenberger I, Scholtes B, Martin U, Oettel H (1999) Cyclic deformation and near surface microstructures of shot peened or deep rolled austenitic stainless steel AISI 304. Mater Sci Eng A264:1–16
Kumar D, Idapalapati S, Wang W, Child DJ, Haubold T, Wong CC (2019) Microstructure-mechanical property correlation in shot peened and vibro-peened Ni-based superalloy. J Mater Process Tech 267:215–229
Peyre P, Scherpereel X, Berthe L, Carboni C, Fabbro R, Beranger G, Lemaitre C (2000) Surface modifications induced in 316L steel by laser peening and shot-peening. Influence on pitting corrosion resistance. Mater Sci Eng A280:294–302
Kallien Z, Keller S, Ventzke V, Kashaev N and Klusemann B, (2019) "Effect of Laser Peening Process Parameters and Sequences on Residual Stress Profiles," Metals 9
Reggiani B and Olmi G, (2019) "Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Shot Peening and Deep Rolling on the Fatigue Response of High Strength Fasterners," Metals 9
Crocolo D, Agostinis MD, Fini S, Olmi G, Paiardini L and Robusto F, (2020) "Tribological Properties of Connecting Rod High Stength Screws Improved by Surface Peening Treatments," Metals 10
Schulze V, Bleicher F, Groche P, Guo YB, Pyun YS (2016) Surface modification by machine hammer peening and burnishing. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 65:809–832
Altenberger I (2015) Deep Rolling - The Past, The Present and The Future. In: in ICSP9. Shot Peening, Germany
Statnikov ES, Korolkov OV, Vityazev VN (2006) Physics and mechanism of ultrasonic impact. Ultrasonics 44:533–538
Pyoun Y, (2000) "Micro-burnishing Apparatues Using Ultrasonic Vibration". Patent EP1303380 A1
Wu L, Wang D (2011) Effect of welding residual stress on fatigue performance of the welded joints treated bty ultrasonic peening. Adv Mater Res 418-420:337–341
Yin D, Wang D, Jing H, Huo L (2010) The effects of ultrasonic peening treatment on the ultra-long life fatigue behavior of welded joints. Mater Des 31(7):3299–3307
Amanov A, Pyun Y-S, Sasaki S (2014) Effects of ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification (UNSM) technique on the tribological behavior of sintered Cu-based alloy. Tribol Int 72:187–197
Amanov A, Penkov OV, Pyun Y-S, Kim D-E (2012) Effects of ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification on the tribological properties of AZ91D magnesium alloy. Tribol Int 54:106–113
Yang B, Tan C, Zhao Y, Wu L, Chen B, Song X, Zhao H, Feng J (2020) Influence of ultrasonic peening on microstructure and surface performance of laser-arc hybrid welded 5A06 aluminium alloy joint. J Mater Res Technol 9(5):9576–9587
Wang Y and Shi J, (2020) "Recrystallization behavior and tensile properties of laser metal deposited Inconel 718 upon in-situ ultrasonic impact peening and heat treatment," Mater Sci Eng: A 786
Loecker C, (2007) "Method and device for the technique of cold microforging any freely formed 3-D surfaces". Deutsch Patent WO 2007/016919 A1
Yeo C, Tam S, Jana S, Lau MW (1994) A technical review of the laser drilling of aerospace materials. J Mater Process Technol 42(1):15–49
Li J, Cheng GJ (2009) Multiphysics simulation on electromagnetic peening of predrilled holes. Int J Mech Sci 51(11-12):825–836
Braungardt R and Schmucker E, (2009) "Device for processing workpieces". Germany Patent DE102007030544A1
Schmucker E and Gerster P, (2009) "Apparatus for hammering welded seams on metal components, to improve weld strength, comprises motor-driven striking tool controlled in response to metal surface characteristics". Germany Patent DE102009001284A1
Ummenhofer T, Weidner P, Zinke T (2013) New and Existing Bridge Constructions - Increase of Fatigue Strength of Welded Joints by High Frequency Mechanical Impact Treatment. Roman J Transport Infrast 2(1):88–101
Miao H, Romero JAM, Forgues S and Levesque M, (2020) "Experimental and numerical study of pneumatic needle peening effects on Aluminium Alloy 2024-T3," J Mater Proc Technol 275
Lienert F, Hoffmeister J, Erz A and Schulze V, (2014) "Influence of Piezo Peening on the Fatigue Strength of quenched and tempered AISI 4140," Conf Proc 2014: ICSP-12, pp. 517-522
Lechner C, Bleicher F, Habersohn C, Bauer C and Goessinger S, (2012) "The Use of Machine Hammer Peening Technology for Smoothening And Structuring of Surfaces," in 23rd International DAAAM Symposium, Austria
Peltz JDS, Beltrami LVR, Kunst SR, Brandolt C and de Fraga Malfatti C, (2015) "Effect of the Shot Peening Process on the Corrosion and Oxidation Resistance of AISI430 Stainless Steel" Mater Research 18(3)
Yakimets I, Richard C, Beranger G, Peyre P (2004) Laser peening processing effect on mechanical and tribological properties of rolling steel 100Cr6. Wear 256:311–320
Wong CC, Hartawan A, Teo WK (2014) Deep Rold Rolling of Features on Aero-Engine Components. Proc CIRP 13:350–354
ECOROLL AG Werkzeugtechnik, (2020) "Operating Instruction No. 191115E/0 Peening Tool ECOpeen-A," Germany.
Mannens R, Trauth D, Mattfeld P and Klocke F, (2018) "Influence of Impact Force, Impact Angle, and Stroke Length in Machine Hammer Peening on the surface Integrity of the Stainless Steel X3CrNiMo13-4," in Procedia CIRP 71, Germany
I. M. Digest, "Hammer Time for the Auto Industry," Industrial Machinery Digest, 1 December 2018. [Online]. Available: https://industrialmachinerydigest.com/industrial-news/features/industry-insights/hammer-time-for-the-auto-industry/. [Accessed 14 October 2020].
Oechsner M, Wied J, Stock J (2014) Influence of Machine Hammer Peening on the Tribology of Sheet Forming. Adv Mater Res 966-967:397–405
Mannens R, Uhlmann L, Lambers F, Feuerhack A and Bergs T, (2020) "Surface Integrity of AISI 52100 Bearing Steel after Robot-Based Machine Hammer Peening," Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
Tang Y, Ge M, Zhang Y, Wang T and Zhou W, (2020) "Improvement of Fatigue Life of GH3039 Superalloy by Laser Shock Peening," Materials 13
Cheng XH, Yen BT and Fisher JW, (2008) "Fatigue Resistance Enhancement and Residual Stress Modification of Welded Steel Structures by Various Post-Weld Treatments," in Structures Congress, Vancouver
Büyükbayram C, Koç B, Tekin G and B. Salihoğlu, (2015) "Fatigue Strength Evaluation Approach of Welded Joints for More Reliable and Lighter Military Ground Vehicles," in 6th Fatigue Design conference. Fatigue Design
Scheil J, Muller C, Steitz M, Groche P (2013) Influence of Process Parameters on Surface Hardening in Hammer Peening and Deep Rolling. Key Eng Mater 554-557:1819–1827
Nalla R, Altenberger I, Noster U, Liu G, Scholtes B, Ritchie R (2003) On the influence of mechanical surface treatments—deep rolling and laser shock peening—on the fatigue behavior of TI-6AL-4V at ambient and elevated temperatures. Mater Sci Eng A 355(1-2):216–230
Leverant GR, Langer BS, Yuen A, Hopkins SW (1979) Surface residual stresses, surface topography and the fatigue behavior of Ti-6AI-4V. Metall Trans A 10:251–257
Neto L, Williams S, Ding J, Hönnige J and Martina F, (2019)"Mechanical Properties Enhancement of Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V by Machine Hammer Peening," in INCASE 2019: Advanced Surface Enhancement
Wong CC, Hartawan A, Teo WK (2014) Deep Cold Rolling of Features on Aero-Engine Components. Proc CIRP: 2nd CIRP Conference of Surface Integrity (CSI) 12:350–354
Prevey P, Shepard MJ and Smith PR, (2001) "The Effect of Low Plasticity Burnishing (LPB) on the HCF Performance and FOD Resistance of Ti-6Al-4V," Proceedings: 6th National Turbine Engine High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) Conference
Zha X-Q, Xiong Y, Zhou T, Ren Y-F, Hei P-H, Zhai Z-l, Komi J, Huttula M and Cao W, (2020) "Impacts of Stress Relief Treatments on Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Metal Active-Gas Welding Joint of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel," Materials
Croccolo D, Agostinis MD, Fini S, Olmi G, Paiardini L and Robusto F, "Tribological Properties of Connecting Rod High Strength Screws Improved by Surface Peening Treatments," Metals.
Kopsov I (1991) The influence of hammer peening on fatigue in high-strength steel. Int J Fatigue 6(13):479–482
Revilla-Gomez C, Buffiere J-Y, Verdu C, Peyrac C, Daflon L and Lefebvre F, (2013) "Assessment of the surface hardening effects from hammer peening on high strength steel," in 5th Fatigue Design Conference, Fatigue Des
Hacini L, Le NV, Bocher P (2008) Effect of impact energy on residual stress induced by hammer peening of 304L plates. J Mater Process Technol 208:542–548
Hönnige JR, Colegrove P, Williams S (2017) Improvement of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Wire + Arc Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V with Machine Hammer Peening. Proc Eng 216:8–17
Infante V, Branco C, Baptista R (2013) An Analysis of the Effect of Hammer Peening on the Repair of Fatigue Cracked Welded Joints. Mater Sci
Lefebvre F, Peyrac C, Elbel G, Revilla-Gomez C, Verdu C, Buffière J-Y (2015) "Understanding of fatigue strength improvement of steel structures by hammer peening treatment," 6th Fatigue Design Conference. Fatigue Des 133:454–464
Rausch S, Wiederkehr P, Biermann D, Zabel A, Selvadurai U, Hagen L, Tillman W (2016) Influence of Machine Hammer Peening on the Tribological Behavior and the Residual Stresses of Wear Resistant Thermally Sprayed Coatings. 3rd CIRP Conf Surf Integr (CIRP CSI) 45:275–278
Chen T, John H, Xu J, Lu Q, Hawk J, Liu X (2013) Influence of surface modifications on pitting corrosion behavior of nickel-base alloy 718. Part 1: Effect of machine hammer peening. Corros Sci 77:230–245
Kirkhope K, Bell R, Caron L, Basu R, Ma K-T (1999) Weld detail fatigue life improvement techniques. Part 2: application to ship structures. Mar Struct 12:477–496
Chen T, John H, Xu J, Hawk J, Liu X (2012) Effects of Hammer Peening and Aging Treatment on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Oil-Grade Alloy. Superalloys 718:609–614
Bleicher F, Lechner C, Habersohn C, Obermair M, Heindl F, Ripoll M (2013) Improving the tribological characteristics of tool and mould surfaces by machine hammer peening. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 62:239–242
Neto LMSC (2017) Studying the Application of Additive Manufacturing to Large Parts. Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal
Bleicher F, Lechner C, Habersohn C, Kozeschnik E, Adjassoho B (2012) Mechanism of surface modification using machine hammer peening technology. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 61:375–378
Knight J, (1978) "Improving the Fatigue Strength of Fillet Welded Joints by Grinding and Peening," Welded Res Int 8(6)
Mannens R, Delforno A, Trauth D, Feuerhack A, Kittel M, Klocke F (2017) Analysis of surface defects on industrial casting tools for automotive applications after machine hammer peening. Int Conf Technol Plast 207:1141–1146
Avcu YY, Yetik O, Guney M, Iakavokis E, Sınmazçelik T and Avcu E, (2020) "Surface, Subsurface and Tribological Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloy Shot Peened under Different Parameters," Materials, vol. 13
Steitz M, Stein P and Groche P, (2015) "Influence of Hammer-Peened Surface Textures on Friction Behavior," Tribol Lett 58
Trauth D, Klocke F, Terhorst M and Mattfeld P, (2016) "Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of a Machine Hammer Peened Surface Structure for Lubricated Sliding Contacts," J Tribol 138(2)
Aberle D and Agarwal D, (2008) "High Performance Corrosion Resistant Stainless Steels And Nickel Alloys For Oil & Gas Applications," in Corrosion
Liu L, Li Y, Wang F (2010) Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Nanocrystalline Materials - a Review. J Mater Sci Technol 26(1):1–14
Chen T, John H, Xu J, Lu Q, Hawk J, Liu X (2014) Influence of surface modifications on pitting corrosion behavior of nickel-base alloy 718. Part 2: Effect of aging treatment. Corros Sci 78:151–161
Lan L, Xin R, Jin X, Gao S, He B, Rong Y and Min N, (2020) "Effects of Laser Shock Peening on Microstructure and Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy Fabricated via Selective Laser Melting," Materials 13
Soyama H, Okura Y (2018) The use of various peening methods to improve the fatigue strength tiatnium alloy Ti6AL4V manufactured by electron beam melting. Mater Sci 5(5):1000–1015
Mumther M, Martin T, Tajyar A, Hackel L, Beheshti A and Davami K, (2020) "Laser shock peening and its effects on microstructure and properties of additively manufactured metal alloys: a review," Eng Res Express 2
Chi J, Cai Z, Wan Z, Zhang H, Chen Z, Li L, Li Y, Peng P and Guo W, (2020) "Effects of heat treatment combined with laser shock peening on wire and arc additive manufactured Ti17 titanium alloy: Microstructures, residual stress and mechanical properties," Surf Coat Technol 396.
Withers P, (2007) "Residual stress and its role in failure," Rep Progress Physics 70 (12)
Krall S, Christoph L, Michael N and Friedrich B, (2015) "Robot based Machine Hammer Peening using an Electromagnetic Driven Hammering Device," in 26th DAAAM International Symposium, Austria
Qin F, Chen L, Li Y, Zhang X (2006) "Fundamental Frequencies of Turbine Blades with Geometry Mismatch in Fir-Tree Attachments," Journal of Turbomachinery. Trans ASME 128:512–516
Malaki M, Ding H (2015) A reiew of ultrasonic peening treatment. Mater Des 87:1072–1086
Kumar D, Idapalapati S, Wang W and Narasimalu S, (2019) "Effect of Surface Mechanical Treatments on the Microstructure-Property-Performance of Engineering Alloys," Materials 12
Fu H and Liang Y, (2019) "Study of the Surface Integrity and High Cycle Fatigue Performance of AISI 4340 Steel after Composite Surface Modification," Metals 9
Champaigne J, (1992) "Almen Strip as Process Control for Shot Peening," Shot Peener pp. 1-5.
Feldmann GG and Mueller E, (2014)"Deep Cold Rolling of Almen Strips for Process Monitoring," Shot Peener
Lienert F, Gerstenmeyer M, Krall S, Lechner C, Trauth D, Bleicher F, Schulze V (2016) Experimental Study on Comparing Intensities of Burnishing and Machine Hammer Peening Processes. Proc CIRP 45:371–374
Ciampini D, Papini M, Spelt J (2009) Modeling the development of Almen strip curvature in vibratory finishing. J Mater Process Technol 209:2923–2939
Teo A, Ahluwalia K, Aramcharoen A (2020) Experimental investigation of shot peening: Correlation of pressure and shot velocity to Almen intensity. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 106:4859–4868
Teo A, Jin Y, Ahluwalia K, Aramcharoen A (2020) Sensorization of Shot Peening for Process Monitoring: Media Flow Rate Control for Surface Quality. Proc CIRP 87:397–402
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Karsten Roettger, Stefan Zenk, and Marco Nischkowsky of ECOROLL AG for providing the ECOpeen-A peening tool and its operating manual for process understanding.
Funding
This research received funding from Agency of Science, Technology and Research (Singapore) with Award Number: APNE, awarded to Dr Henry Kuo Feng, Cheng.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, W.L. Chan and H. Cheng; resources, W.L. Chan and H. Cheng; writing—original draft preparation, W.L. Chan; writing—review and editing, W.L. Chan and H. Cheng. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This article does not contain any studies involving human participants performed by any of the authors. The authors declare the highest standard of ethics in conducting their research work and have gone through the necessary internal approvals of the organization in submitting this article. The authors agree to provide their consent for participation.
Consent for publication
The authors agree to provide their consent for publication.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chan, W.L., Cheng, .K.F. Hammer peening technology—the past, present, and future. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 118, 683–701 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07993-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07993-5