Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of temperature on the deep drawing forming performance of Ti/Al laminates: experimental investigation and finite element analysis

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, Ti/Al laminates are deep-drawn at elevated temperatures to investigate the effect of temperature on forming performance using numerical and experimental methods. Equipment for warm deep drawing process in a vacuum atmosphere is developed. The corresponding deep drawing finite element model (FE model) is established and validated by thickness distribution along the drawn cups’ radial direction. Based on the developed FE model, the thickness strain in different temperature is compared. Following this, the process window is established to determine the optimum temperature. The ratio curve of plastic deformation to sliding (D/S curve) during warm deep drawing is established to characterize the sustainable formability of Ti/Al laminates. The results indicated that the maximum limit drawing ratio in 200°C is consistent with the minimum thickness reduction. The safe forming area narrows with the increase of the drawing ratio. The D/S curve is short and presented fluctuations in the middle-temperature section of 150–250°C, as revealed well sustainable formability. Furthermore, the thickness of constituent layers for Ti/Al laminates is measured from micromorphology diagrams and compared. It is observed that the thickness strain of outside layers has more possibility to decline in bottom radius and is higher in flange radius than inner layers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

References

  1. Ma M, Huo P, Liu WC, Wang GJ, Wang DM (2015) Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Ti/Al laminated composites prepared by roll bonding[J]. Mater Sci Eng A 636:301–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Qin L, Wang J, Wu Q, Guo XZ, Tao J (2017) In-situ observation of crack initiation and propagation in Ti/Al composite laminates during tensile test[J]. J Alloys Compd 712:69–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Fan MY, Yu WW, Wang WW, Guo XZ, Jin K, Miao RJ, Hou WQ, Kim N, Tao J (2017) Microstructure and mechanical properties of thin-multilayer Ti/Al laminates prepared by one-step explosive bonding[J]. J Mater Eng Perform 26:277–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Qin L, Wang H, Cui SQ, Wu Q, Fan MY, Yang ZH, Tao J (2017) Characterization and formability of titanium/aluminum laminate composites fabricated by hot pressing[J]. J Mater Eng Perform 26:3579–3587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Fan MY, Domblesky J, Jin K, Qin L, Cui SQ, Guo XZ, Kim N, Tao J (2016) Effect of original layer thicknesses on the interface bonding and mechanical properties of Ti-Al laminate composites[J]. Mater Des 99:535–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Xu L, Cui YY, Hao YL, Yang R (2006) Growth of intermetallic layer in multi-laminated Ti/Al diffusion couples[J]. Mater Sci Eng A 435-436:638–647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Peng LM, Li H, Wang JH (2005) Processing and mechanical behavior of laminated titanium–titanium tri-aluminide (Ti–Al3Ti) composites[J]. Mater Sci Eng A 406:309–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Tseng HC, Hung C, Huang CC (2010) An analysis of the formability of aluminum/copper clad metals with different thicknesses by the finite element method and experiment[J]. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 49:1029–1036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Atrian A, Fereshteh-Saniee F (2013) Deep drawing process of steel/brass laminated sheets[J]. Compos Part B 47:75–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hasan Nejad SJ, Hasanzadeh R, Doniavi A, Modanloo V (2017) Finite element simulation analysis of laminated sheets in deep drawing process using response surface method[J]. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 93:3245–3259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Dehghani F, Salimi M (2016) Analytical and experimental analysis of the formability of copper-stainless-steel 304L clad metal sheets in deep drawing[J]. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 82:163–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Harada Y, Ono H, Nishikubo Y (2018) Deep drawability of Ti/steel/Ti laminated sheets[J]. Mater Sci Forum 920:64–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhang RJ, Lang LH, Zafar R, Lin LJ, Zhang WS (2016) Investigation into thinning and spring back of multilayer metal forming using hydro-mechanical deep drawing (HMDD) for lightweight parts[J]. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 82:817–826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Lang LH, Danckert J, Nielsen KB (2005) Multi-layer sheet hydroforming: Experimental and numerical investigation into the very thin layer in the middle[J]. J Mater Process Technol 170:524–535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Afshin E, Kadkhodayan M (2015) An experimental investigation into the warm deep-drawing process on laminated sheets under various grain sizes[J]. Mater Des 87:25–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kadkhodayan M, Afshin E (2016) Thinning behavior of laminated sheets metal in warm deep-drawing process under various grain sizes[J]. MATEC Web Conf 80:15001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Fan XB, He ZB, Zhou WX, Yuan SJ (2016) Formability and strengthening mechanism of solution treated Al–Mg–Si alloy sheet under hot stamping conditions[J]. J Mater Process Technol 228:179–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Ozturk F, Ece RE, Polat N, Koksal A, Evis Z, Polat A (2013) Mechanical and microstructural evaluations of hot formed titanium sheets by electrical resistance heating process[J]. Mater Sci Eng A 578:207–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Fan XB, He ZB, Yuan SJ, Zheng KL (2013) Experimental investigation on hot forming–quenching integrated process of 6A02 aluminum alloy sheet[J]. Mater Sci Eng A 573:154–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Odenberger EL, Oldenburg M, Thilderkvist P, Stoehr T, Lechler J, Merklein M (2011) Tool development based on modelling and simulation of hot sheet metal forming of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy[J]. J Mater Process Technol 211:1324–1335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Jin JS, Wang XY, Deng L, Luo JC (2016) A single-step hot stamping-forging process for aluminum alloy shell parts with nonuniform thickness[J]. J Mater Process Technol 228:170–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ma BL, Wu XD, Li XJ, Wan M, Cai ZY (2016) Investigation on the hot formability of TA15 titanium alloy sheet[J]. Mater Des 94:9–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Fazli A, Dariani BM (2006) Parameter study of the axisymmetric hydromechanical deep drawing process[J]. P I Mech Eng B-J Eng 220:1937–1944

    Google Scholar 

  24. Yanagimoto J, Oya T, Kawanishi S, Tiesler N, Koseki T (2010) Enhancement of bending formability of brittle sheet metal in multilayer metallic sheets. CIRP Ann 59:287–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bagherzadeh S, Mirnia MJ, Dariani BM (2015) Numerical and experimental investigations of hydro-mechanical deep drawing process of laminated aluminum/steel sheets[J]. J Manuf Process 18:131–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors much appreciate the financial support of the Jiangsu Province Science and Technology Project (No. BK20200453), National Natural Science Foundation of China-International (Regional) Cooperation and Exchange Program (No. 5201101342), Joint Foundation Project of China (No. U1937206), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51671105), and the experimental equipment provided by Jiangsu University of Science and Technology.

Funding

This study was funded by the Joint Foundation Project of China (No. U1937206), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51671105), and the experimental equipment provided by Jiangsu University of Science and Technology.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, People’s Republic of China

    Hantao Kou, Liang Qin, Ali Abd El-Aty, Yu Liu & Jie Tao

  2. School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhangjiagang, 215600, People’s Republic of China

    Liang Qin & Xuwei Zhu

  3. Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering-Helwan, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

    Ali Abd El-Aty

Authors
  1. Hantao Kou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Liang Qin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ali Abd El-Aty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yu Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xuwei Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jie Tao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Author 1: Hantao Kou

□√ Conceived and designed the study

□√ Collected the data

□√ Contributed data or analysis tools

□√ Performed the experiments

□√ Performed the analysis

□√ Revised the analysis

□√ Wrote the paper

□ Proofreading

Author 2: Liang Qin

□√ Conceived and designed the study

□√ Collected the data

□ Contributed data or analysis tools

□√ Performed the experiments

□√ Performed the analysis

□ Revised the analysis

□√ Wrote the paper

□ Proofreading

Author 3: Ali Abd El-Aty

□ Conceived and designed the study

□ Collected the data

□√ Contributed data or analysis tools

□ Performed the experiments

□√ Performed the analysis

□√ Revised the analysis

□√ Wrote the paper

□√ Proofreading

Author 4: Yu Liu

□√ Conceived and designed the study

□√ Collected the data

□ Contributed data or analysis tools

□√ Performed the experiments

□ Performed the analysis

□√ Revised the analysis

□ Wrote the paper

□ Proofreading

Author 5: Xuwei Chu

□ Conceived and designed the study

□√ Collected the data

□√ Contributed data or analysis tools

□√ Performed the experiments

□ Performed the analysis

□ Revised the analysis

□ Wrote the paper

□ Proofreading

Author 6: Jie Tao

□√ Conceived and designed the study

□ Collected the data

□√ Contributed data or analysis tools

□ Performed the experiments

□√ Performed the analysis

□√ Revised the analysis

□√ Wrote the paper

□√ Proofreading

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jie Tao.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

For this type of study, ethics approval was not required.

Consent to participate

For this type of study, consent to participate was not required.

Consent for publication

For this type of study, consent for publication was not required.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kou, H., Qin, L., El-Aty, A.A. et al. Effect of temperature on the deep drawing forming performance of Ti/Al laminates: experimental investigation and finite element analysis. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 114, 2617–2632 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06892-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06892-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation