Abstract
Solidification cracking is a weld defect common to certain susceptible alloys rendering many of them unweldable. It forms and grows continuously behind a moving weld pool within the two-phase mushy zone and involves a complex interaction between thermal, metallurgical, and mechanical factors. Research has demonstrated the ability to minimize solidification cracking occurrence by using appropriate welding parameters. Despite decade’s long efforts to investigate weld solidification cracking, there remains a lack of understanding regarding the particular effect of travel speed. While the use of the fastest welding speed is usually recommended, this rule has not always been confirmed on site. Varying welding speed has many consequences both on stress cells surrounding the weld pool, grain structure, and mushy zone extent. Experimental data and models are compiled to highlight the importance of welding speed on solidification cracking. This review is partitioned into three parts: part I focuses on the effects of welding speed on weld metal characteristics, part II reviews the data of the literature to discuss the importance of selecting properly the metrics, and part III details the different methods to model the effect of welding speed on solidification cracking occurrence.
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Abbreviations
- h :
-
Plate thickness
- s :
-
Travel speed
- t :
-
Time
- x :
-
Direction of heat source displacement
- BTR:
-
Brittle temperature range
- CRW:
-
Controlled restraint weldability test
- CSA:
-
Cross-sectional area
- CSZ:
-
Crack susceptible zone
- EBW:
-
Electron-beam welding
- G :
-
Temperature gradient
- GTAW:
-
Gas tungsten arc welding
- I :
-
Welding current
- LBW:
-
Laser beam welding
- LHC:
-
Linear heat content
- MVT:
-
Modified varestraint transvarestraint test
- P :
-
Welding power
- PVR:
-
Program VerformungRisstest
- R :
-
Solidification growth rate
- SCTR:
-
Solidification cracking temperature range
- T :
-
Temperature
- TVT:
-
Transvarestraint test
- U :
-
Welding voltage
- ε :
-
Strain
- \( \dot{\varepsilon} \) :
-
Strain rate
- η :
-
Welding efficiency
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Coniglio, N., Cross, C.E. Effect of weld travel speed on solidification cracking behavior. Part 2: testing conditions and metrics. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 107, 5025–5038 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05232-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05232-x