Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The effects of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and solubilization heat treatment on the density, mechanical properties, and microstructure of austenitic stainless steel parts produced by selective laser melting (SLM)

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite ongoing optimization, selective laser melting (SLM) technology still cannot guarantee the production of completely defect-free components. This work investigates hot isostatic pressing (HIP) in a nitrogen environment and solubilization heat treatment as methods for improving the quality of 316L stainless steel components produced by SLM. The characteristics of HIP-treated specimens are firstly correlated with the initial density of samples obtained with different SLM process parameters, showing that HIP is effective at eliminating pores in components with high initial density (above 99%) but not in those with low initial density (approximately 94%). Subsequently, the mechanical properties and microstructure of 316L stainless steel specimens produced by SLM are examined in the as-built state and after various post-process conditions including solubilization heat treatment and HIP at pressures from 50 to 2000 bar. The observed effects of post-processing on the porosity and microstructure of each specimen are consistent with hardness and tensile test results, with the benefits and limitations of HIP clarified for future implementation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. González-Henríquez CM, Sarabia-Vallejos MA, Rodriguez-Hernandez J (2019) Polymers for additive manufacturing and 4D-printing: materials, methodologies, and biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 94:57–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.03.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Liu S, Shin YC (2019) Additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy: a review. Mater Des 164:107552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.107552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Harun WSW, Kamariah MSIN, Muhamad N, Ghani SAC, Ahmad F, Mohamed Z (2018) A review of powder additive manufacturing processes for metallic biomaterials. Powder Technol 327:128–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.12.058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kurzynowsy T, Gruber K, Dtopyra W, Kuznicka B, Chlebus E (2018) Correlation between process parameters, microstructure and properties of 316 L stainless steel processed by selective laser melting. Mater Sci Eng A 718:64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.01.103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Fortunato A, Lulay A, Melkote S, Liverani E, Ascari A, Umbrello D (2018) Milling of maraging steel components produced by selective laser melting. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 94:1895–1902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-0922-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhang J, Song B, Wei Q, Bourell D, Shi Y (2019) A review of selective laser melting of aluminum alloys: processing, microstructure, property and developing trends. J Mater Sci Technol 35:270–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Fayazfar H, Salarian M, Rogalsky A, Sarker D, Russo P, Paserin V, Toyserkani E (2018) A critical review of powder-based additive manufacturing of ferrous alloys: process parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties. Mater Des 144:98–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.02.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Liverani E, Toschi S, Ceschini L, Fortunato A (2017) Effect of selective laser melting (SLM) process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel. J Mater Process Technol 249:255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.05.042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wang Z, Xiao Z, Tse Y, Huang C, Zhang W (2019) Optimization of processing parameters and establishment of a relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of SLM titanium alloy. Opt Laser Technol 112:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.11.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hack H, Link R, Knudsen E, Baker B, Olig S (2017) Mechanical properties of additive manufactured nickel alloy 625. Addit Manuf 14:105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Benedetti M, Fontanari V, Bandini M, Zanini F, Carmignato S (2018) Low-and high-cycle fatigue resistance of Ti-6Al-4V ELI additively manufactured via selective laser melting: mean stress and defect sensitivity. Int J Fatigue 107:96–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.10.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Fotovvati B, Namdari N, Dehghanghadikolaei A (2018) Fatigue performance of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V components: state of the art. Mater Res Express 6(1):012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aae10e

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Rafi HK, Starr TL, Stucker BE (2013) A comparison of the tensile, fatigue, and fracture behavior of Ti-6Al-4V and 15-5 PH stainless steel parts made by selective laser melting. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 69(5–8):1299–1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5106-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Dörfert R, Zhang J, Clausen B, Freiße H, Schumacher J, Vollertsen F (2019) Comparison of the fatigue strength between additively and conventionally fabricated tool steel 1.2344. Additive Manufacturing 27:217–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.01.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Carneiro L, Jalalahmadi B, Ashtekar A, Jiang Y (2019) Cyclic deformation and fatigue behavior of additively manufactured 17–4 PH stainless steel. Int J Fatigue 123:22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.02.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Sun Y, Moroz A, Alrbaey K (2014) Sliding wear characteristics and corrosion behaviour of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel. J Mater Eng Perform 23:518–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-013-0784-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Yasa E, Kruth JP (2011) Microstructural investigation of selective laser melting 316L stainless steel parts exposed to laser re-melting. Procedia Eng 19:389–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wei K, Lv M, Zeng X, Xiao Z, Huang G, Liu M, Deng J (2019) Effect of laser remelting on deposition quality, residual stress, microstructure, and mechanical property of selective laser melting processed Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloy. Mater Charact 150:67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.02.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Atkinson HV, Davies S (2000) Fundamental aspects of hot isostatic pressing: an overview. Metall Mater Trans A 31:2981–3000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-000-0078-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kreitcberg A, Brailovski V, Turenne S (2017) Effect of heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 625 alloy processed by laser powder bed fusion. Mater Sci Eng 689:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.02.038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Tillmann W, Schaak C, Nellesen J, Schaper M, Aydinöz ME, Hoyer KP (2017) Hot isostatic pressing of IN718 components manufactured by selective laser melting. Additive Manufacturing 13:93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.11.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Li P, Warner DH, Pegues JW, Shamsaei V, Roach MD, Phan N (2019) Investigation of the mechanisms by which hot isostatic pressing improves the fatigue performance of powder bed fused Ti-6Al-4V. Int J Fatigue 120:342–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.10.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Molaei R, Fatemi A, Phan N (2018) Significance of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on multiaxial deformation and fatigue behaviors of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V including build orientation and surface roughness effects. Int J Fatigue 117:352–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.07.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lavery NP, Cherry J, Mehmood S, Davies H, Girling B, Sackett E, Brown SGR, Sienz J (2017) Effects of hot isostatic pressing on the elastic modulus and tensile properties of 316L parts made by powder bed laser fusion. Mater Sci Eng A 693:186–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Röttger A, Geenen K, Windmann M, Binner F, Theisen W (2016) Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of 316 L austenitic steel processed by selective laser melting with hot-isostatic pressed and cast material. Mater Sci Eng A 678:365–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.10.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Hafenstein S, Werner E (2019) Pressure dependence of age-hardenability of aluminum cast alloys and coarsening of precipitates during hot isostatic pressing. Mater Sci Eng A 757:62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.04.077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Li J, Yuan C, Guo J, Hou J, Zhou L (2014) Effect of hot isostatic pressing on microstructure of cast gas-turbine vanes of K452 alloy. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int 24:631–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2014.10.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Islam MA, Farha ZN (2011) The influence of porosity and hot isostatic pressing treatment on wear characteristics of cast and P/M aluminum alloys. Wear 271:1594–1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2011.01.037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Samal PK, Newkirk JW (2015) ASM handbook, volume 7: powder metallurgy. ASM International, Cleveland

    Book  Google Scholar 

  30. AISI Type 316L stainless steel, annealed and cold drawn bar. Matweb. http://matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=c02b8c0ae42e459a872553e0ebfab648&ckck=1. Accessed 2 Oct 2019

  31. Yadollahi A, Sjamsaei N, Thompson SM, Seely DW (2015) Effects of process time interval and heat treatment on the mechanical and microstructural properties of direct laser deposited 316L stainless steel. Mater Sci Eng A 644:171–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.07.056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Murr LE (2018) A metallographic review of 3D printing/additive manufacturing of metal and alloy products and components. Metall Microstruct Anal 7:103–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-018-0433-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Zhong Y, Liu L, Wikman S, Cui D, Shen Z (2016) Intragranular cellular segregation network structure strengthening 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting. J Nucl Mater 470:170–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.12.034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Krakhmalev P, Fredriksson G, Svensson K, Yadroitsev I, Yadroitsava I, Thuvander M, Peng R (2018) Microstructure, solidification texture, and thermal stability of 316 L stainless steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. Metals 8:643. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080643

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Saeidi K, Gao X, Shen ZJ, Lofaj F, Kvetková L (2015) Transformation of austenite to duplex austenite-ferrite assembly in annealed stainless steel 316L consolidated by laser melting. J Alloys Compd 633:463–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Irukuvarghula S, Hassanin H, Cayron C, Aristizabal M, Attallah MM, Preuss M (2019) Effect of powder characteristics and oxygen content on modifications to the microstructural topology during hot isostatic pressing of an austenitic steel. Acta Mater 172:6–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.03.038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Yan F, Xiong W, Faierson EJ (2017) Grain structure control of additively manufactured metallic materials. Materials 10:1260. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10111260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Yan F, Xiong W, Faierson E, Olson GB (2018) Characterization of nano-scale oxides in austenitic stainless steel processed by powder bed fusion. Scr Mater 155:104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.06.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale (DIN), Università di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna, Italy

    Erica Liverani, Alessandro Ascari & Alessandro Fortunato

  2. Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Parma, parco Area delle Scienze 181/A, Parma, Italy

    Adrian H. A. Lutey

Authors
  1. Erica Liverani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Adrian H. A. Lutey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alessandro Ascari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alessandro Fortunato
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adrian H. A. Lutey.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liverani, E., Lutey, A.H.A., Ascari, A. et al. The effects of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and solubilization heat treatment on the density, mechanical properties, and microstructure of austenitic stainless steel parts produced by selective laser melting (SLM). Int J Adv Manuf Technol 107, 109–122 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05072-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05072-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation