Abstract
Directed energy deposition (DED) is an advanced additive manufacturing process which can deposit or fabricate a part with complex and nontraditional geometries in many kinds of engineering structural materials, high-temperature materials, and anti-corrosion materials. The fed metallic powder is melted by a laser beam with highly concentrated energy on the substrate surface. In this manufacturing process, different laser transverse speeds can significantly affect the microstructural morphology of the deposited layer. Some microstructural morphologies observed in DED may appear in classic solidification processes. However, the effect of mobile heat sources which vary with time and location can result in significant microstructural heterogeneity. In order to investigate the laser transverse speeds’ effects on the microstructural morphology in DED processes, a Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) Potts model was utilized to exactly predict the grain evolvement under different laser transverse speeds in this study. Three increasing transverse speeds, 450 mm/min, 600 mm/min, and 1000 mm/min, were chosen and then investigated. The predicted microstructural morphology in depositions with these three different laser transverse speeds was quantified and analyzed. The processing parameters in the KMC Potts model were cited from a previous reference and have been validated with experimental EBSD microstructural images.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Soshi M, Ring J, Young C, Oda Y, Mori M (2017) Innovative grid molding and cooling using an additive and subtractive hybrid CNC machine tool. CIRP Ann 66(1):401–404
Li W, Karnati S, Kriewall C, Liou F, Newkirk J, Brown Taminger KM, Seufzer WJ (2017) Fabrication and characterization of a functionally graded material from Ti-6Al-4 V to SS316 by laser metal deposition. Addit Manuf 14:95–104
Zhang W (2013) Influence of scanning speed on microstructure and hardness during laser cladding high-Cr cast iron. In Applied Mechanics and Materials. Trans Tech Publ
Li W, Yan L, Karnati S, Liou F, Newkirk J, Taminger KMB, Seufzer WJ (2017) Ti-Fe intermetallics analysis and control in joining titanium alloy and stainless steel by laser metal deposition. J Mater Process Technol 242:39–48
Li W, Yan L, Chen X, Zhang J, Zhang X, Liou F (2018) Directed energy depositing a new Fe-Cr-Ni alloy with gradually changing composition with elemental powder mixes and particle size’effect in fabrication process. J Mater Process Technol 255:96–104
Flemings MC (1974) Solidification processing. Wiley Online Library
Dantzig JA, Rappaz M (2009) Solidification. EPFL press
David S, Vitek J (1989) Correlation between solidification parameters and weld microstructures. Int Mater Rev 34(1):213–245
Wei H, Elmer J, DebRoy T (2016) Origin of grain orientation during solidification of an aluminum alloy. Acta Mater 115:123–131
Parimi LL, Ravi GA, Clark D, Attallah MM (2014) Microstructural and texture development in direct laser fabricated IN718. Mater Charact 89:102–111
Kistler NA, Corbin DJ, Nassar AR, Reutzel EW, Beese AM (2019) Effect of processing conditions on the microstructure, porosity, and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V repair fabricated by directed energy deposition. J Mater Process Technol 264:172–181
Wang Z, Palmer TA, Beese AM (2016) Effect of processing parameters on microstructure and tensile properties of austenitic stainless steel 304L made by directed energy deposition additive manufacturing. Acta Mater 110:226–235
Holm EA, Battaile CC (2001) The computer simulation of microstructural evolution. JOM 53(9):20–23
Rodgers TM, Madison JD, Tikare V (2017) Simulation of metal additive manufacturing microstructures using kinetic Monte Carlo. Comput Mater Sci 135:78–89
Rodgers TM, Madison JD, Tikare V, Maguire MC (2016) Predicting mesoscale microstructural evolution in electron beam welding. JOM 68(5):1419–1426
Rodgers TM, Mitchell JA, Tikare V (2017) A Monte Carlo model for 3D grain evolution during welding. Model Simul Mater Sci Eng 25(6):064006
Li W et al (2017) Additive manufacturing of a new Fe-Cr-Ni alloy with gradually changing compositions with elemental powder mixes and thermodynamic calculation. Int J Adv Manuf Technol
Li W, et al (2017) Ti6Al4V/SS316 multi-metallic structure fabricated by laser 3D printing and thermodynamic modeling prediction. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 1–13
Li W et al (2017) Investigation on Ti6Al4V-V-Cr-Fe-SS316 multi-layers metallic structure fabricated by laser 3D printing. Sci Rep 7
Zhou S, Huang Y, Zeng X, Hu Q (2008) Microstructure characteristics of Ni-based WC composite coatings by laser induction hybrid rapid cladding. Mater Sci Eng A 480(1–2):564–572
Huang FX, Jiang ZH, Liu XM, Lian JS, Chen L (2011) Effects of process parameters on microstructure and hardness of layers by laser cladding. ISIJ Int 51(3):441–447
Wei H, Elmer J, DebRoy T (2017) Three-dimensional modeling of grain structure evolution during welding of an aluminum alloy. Acta Mater 126:413–425
Wei H, Elmer J, DebRoy T (2017) Crystal growth during keyhole mode laser welding. Acta Mater 133:10–20
Ferreira T, Rasband W (2015) ImageJ user guide; 2012. IJ
Bontha S et al (2009) Effects of process variables and size-scale on solidification microstructure in beam-based fabrication of bulky 3D structures. Mater Sci Eng A 513:311–318
Dinda G, Dasgupta A, Mazumder J (2009) Laser aided direct metal deposition of Inconel 625 superalloy: microstructural evolution and thermal stability. Mater Sci Eng A 509(1):98–104
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, W., Soshi, M. Modeling analysis of the effect of laser transverse speed on grain morphology during directed energy deposition process. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 103, 3279–3291 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03690-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03690-6