Skip to main content
Log in

Linkage between geographic space and knowledge transfer by multinational enterprises: a structural equation approach

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
The Annals of Regional Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper discusses the current links between international business, economic geography and knowledge management. Despite the recent proliferation of papers dealing with knowledge transfer by multinational enterprises (MNEs) in China, there is limited work investigating the role of geographic space on knowledge transfer. Given the growing interest in knowledge transfer by MNEs, the lack of research on geographic space in the Chinese context is a significant gap in our knowledge. In response, we have conducted what we believe to be the first study on the relationship between geographic space and knowledge transfer by the Japanese MNEs to their subsidiaries in China. The paper reviews the relevant literature from which it develops a theoretical model which is then tested empirically. We then provide empirical results on the relationship between geographic space, perceived distance and knowledge transfer. A LISREL model is employed to study the impact of the latent variables associated with geographic space on knowledge transfer. Based on the results, this study provides useful insights for economic geographers who wish to study knowledge transfer between parent companies and their subsidiaries across geographic space.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adler NJ (1983) Organizational development in a multinational environment. J Appl Behav Sci 19:247–365

  • Allen TJ (1977) Managing the flow of technology. MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Almeida P (1996) Knowledge sourcing by foreign multinationals: patent citation analysis in the US semiconductor industry. Strateg Manag J 17:155–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ambos TC, Ambos B (2009) The impact of distance on knowledge transfer effectiveness in multinational corporations. J Int Manag 15:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosini V, Bowman C (2001) Tacit knowledge: some suggestions for operationalization. J Manage Stud 38:811–829

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amin A, Cohendet P (2004) Architectures of knowledge. Firms, capabilities, and communities. Oxford University Press, Oxford

  • Anderson JC, Gerbing DW (1998) Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach. Psychol Bull 103:411–423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anh PTT, Baughn CC, Hang NTM, Neupert KE (2006) Knowledge acquisition from foreign parents in international joint ventures: an empirical study in Vietnam. Int Bus Rev 15(5):463–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Argote L, Ingram P (2000) Knowledge transfer: a basis for competitive advantage in firms. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 82:150–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong JS, Overton TS (1977) Estimating non-response bias in mail surveys. J Mark Res 14:396–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch DB, Feldman MP (1996) R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production. Am Econ Rev 86(4):253–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch DB, Stephan P (1996) Company-scientist locational links: the case of biotechnology. Am Econ Rev 86(4):641–652

    Google Scholar 

  • Baptista R, Swann P (1998) Do firms in clusters innovate more? Res Policy 27(4):525–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaverstock J (2004) ‘Managing across borders’: knowledge management and expatriation in professional service legal firms. J Econ Geogr 4:157–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagat RS, Kedia BL, Harveston PD, Triandis HC (2002) Cultural variations in the cross-border transfer of organizational knowledge: an integrative framework. Acad Manag Rev 27(2):204–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock GW, Kim YG (2002) Breaking the myths of rewards: an exploratory study of attitudes about knowledge sharing. Inf Resour Manag J 15:14–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bock GW, Zmud RW, Kim YG, Lee JN (2005) Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate. MIS Q 29:87–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollen KA, Lennox R (1991) Conventional wisdom on measurement: a structural equation perspective. Psychol Bull 100:305–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boschma RA (2005) Proximity and innovation: a critical assessment. Reg Stud 39(1):61–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bresman H, Birkinshaw J, Nobel R (1999) Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. J Int Bus Stud 30:439–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broekel T, Boschma R (2012) Knowledge networks in the Dutch aviation industry: the proximity paradox. J Econ Geogr 12:409–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broekel T, Binder M (2007) The regional dimension of knowledge transfers—a behavioral approach. Ind Innov 14:151–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browne MW, Cudeck R (1993) Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JS (eds) Testing structural equation models. Sage, Newbury Park, pp 136–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckely PJ, Glaister KW, Klijn E, Tan H (2009) Knowledge accession and knowledge acquisition in strategic alliances: the impact of supplementary and complementary dimensions. Br J Manag 20:598–609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell DT, Fiske DW (1959) Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychol Bull 53:81–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang YC, Kao MS, Kuo A, Chiu CF (2012a) How cultural distance influences entry mode choice: the contingent role of host country’s governance quality. J Bus Res 65(8):1160–1170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang YY, Gong Y, Peng MW (2012b) Expatriate knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and subsidiary performance. Acad Manag J 55(4):927–948

  • Chatzoglou PD, Vraimaki E (2009) Knowledge-sharing behaviour of bank employees in Greece. Bus Process Manag J 15:245–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Child J, Markoczym L (2005) Host-country managerial behaviour and learning in Chinese and Hungarian joint ventures. J Manag Stud 30:611–631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Child J, Rodrigues S (1996) The role of social identity in the international transfer of knowledge through joint ventures. In: Clegg S, Palmer G (eds) The politics of management knowledge. Sage, London, pp 46–68

  • Chin WW (1998) The partial least squares approach to structural equation modelling. In: Markoulides GA (ed) Modern methods for business research. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp 295–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho H, Chen M, Chung S (2010) Testing an integrative theoretical model of knowledge-sharing behaviour in the context of Wikipedia. J Am Soc Inf Technol 6:1198–1212

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi CJ, Lee SH (1997) A knowledge-based view of cooperative interorganizational relationships. In: Beamish P, Killings J (eds) Cooperative strategies, European perspectives. New Lexington Press, CA, p 33058

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen WM, Levinthal D (1990) Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation. Adm Sci Q 24:128–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill G (1979) A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. J Mark Res 16:64–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cudek R, Henly SJ (1991) Model selection in covariance structure analysis and the ‘problem’ of sample size: a clarification’. Psychol Bull 109:512–519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuieford JP (1965) Fundamental Statistics in psychology and education, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings JL (2001) Knowledge transfer across R & D unit: an empirical investigation of the factors affecting successful knowledge transfer across intra and inter organizational units. An unpublished doctor dissertation. Washington University

  • Cummings JL (2002) Knowledge transfer across R & D unit: an empirical investigation of the factors affecting successful knowledge transfer across intra and inter organizational units. An unpublished doctor dissertation. Washington University

  • Cummings JL, Teng BS (2003) Transferring R & D knowledge: the key factors affecting knowledge transfer success. J Eng Tech Manag 20(1–2):39–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danis WM, Shipilov A (2012) Knowledge acquisition strategies of small and medium-sized enterprises during institutional transition: evidence from Hungary and Ukraine. Thunderbird Int Bus Rev 54(3):327–345

  • Darr ED, Kurtzberg TR (2000) An investigation of partner similarity dimensions on knowledge transfer. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 82:28–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davenport TH, Prusak L (1998) Working knowledge: how organizations manage what they know. Harvard Business School Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Este P, Guy F, Iammarino S (2013) Shaping the formation of university-industry research collaborations: what type of proximity does really matter? J Econ Geogr 13(4):537–558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhanaraj C, Lyles MA, Steensma HK, Tihanyi L (2004) Managing tacit and explicit knowledge transfer in IJVs: the role of relational embeddedness and impact on performance’. J Int Bus Stud 35(5):428–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dianne PF, Yolande EC (2003) Knowledge sharing in a multi-cultural setting: a case study. Knowl Manag Res Pract 1:11–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dillman DA (2000) Mail and internet surveys: the tailored design method. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Dow D, Ferencikova S (2010) More than just cultural distance: testing new distance scales on FDI in Slovakia. Int Bus Rev 19:46–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doz Y, Santos JFP (1997) On the management of knowledge: from the transparency of collocation and co-setting to the quandary of dispersion and differentiation. In: INSEAD working paper series (97/119/SM), Fontainbleau

  • Easterby-Smith M, Lyles MA, Tsang EWK (2008) Inter-organizational knowledge transfer: current themes and future prospects. J Manag Stud 45(4):677–690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenhardt KM, Santos FM (2002) Knowledge-based view: a new theory of strategy? In: Pettigrew A, Thomas H, Whittington R (eds) Handbook of strategy and management, 1st edn. Sage, London, pp 139–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Evangelista F, Hua LH (2009) Organizational context and knowledge acquisition in IJVs: an empirical study. J World Bus 44:63–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fabry NH, Zeghni SH (2003) FDI in CEECs: how do western investors survive? thunderbird Int Bus Rev 45:133–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fornell C, Larcker DF (1981) Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res 18:39–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foss NJ, Pedersen T (2004) Organizing knowledge process in the multinational corporation: an introduction. J Int Bus Stud 35:340–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith CS (1990) Transferring core manufacturing technology in high technology firms. Calif Manag Rev 32(4):56–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamble J (2010) Transferring organizational practices and the dynamics of hybridization: Japanese retail multinationals in China. J Manag Stud 47(4):705–732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gefen D, Straub DW, Boudreau MC (2000) Structural equation modeling and regression: guidelines for research practice. Commun Assoc Inf Syst 4(7):1–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghemawat P (2001) Tool kit distance still matters. Harv Bus Rev 79(8):138–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Gertler M (2004) Manufacturing culture. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghoshal S, Barlett CA, Moran P (2000) Value creation: the new millennium management manifesto. Management 21C. Prentice Hall, Edinburgh

  • Giannetti M, Yafeh Y (2012) Do cultural differences between contracting parties matter? Evidence from syndicated bank loans. Manag Sci 58(2):365–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gnywalim DR, Singal M, Mu SC (2009) Knowledge ties among subsidiaries in MNCs: a multi-level conceptual model. J Int Manag 15(4):387–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodall K, Roberts J (2003) Repairing managerial knowledge-ability over distance. Organ Stud 24(7):1153–1175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gooderham P, Minbaeva DB, Pedersen T (2010) Governance mechanisms for the promotion of social sapital for knowledge transfer in multinational corporations. J Manag Stud 48(1):123–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter M (1973) The strength of weak ties. Am J Sociol 78(6):1360–1380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guiso L, Sapienza P, Zingales L (2006) Does culture affect economic outcomes. J Econ Perspect 20:23–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta AK, Govindaranjan V (2000) Knowledge management’s social dimension: lessons from Nucor steel. Sloan Manag Rev 42(1):71–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair JF, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC (1998) Multivariate date analysis, 5th edn. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  • Harman HH (1960) Modern factor analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede G (2001) Cultures consequences. Sage, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hohberger J (2014) Searching for emerging knowledge: the influence of collaborative and geographically proximate search. Eur Manag Rev 11:139–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holden N (2001) Knowledge management: raising the spectre of the cross-cultural dimension. Knowl Process Manag 8(3):155–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong JFl, Snell RS, Easterby-Smith M (2009) Knowledge flows and boundary crossing at the periphery of a MNC. Int Bus Rev 18:539–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howells JRL (2002) Tacit knowledge, innovation and economic geography. Urban Stud 39:871–884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu L, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model 6(1):1–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang C (2013) Dalian’s Japan ties kept at bay- Trade jewel spared Chinese unrest over Senkakus. Japan Times dated 13 January, Available at http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/01/16/national/politics-diplomacy/dalians-japan-ties-kept-riots-at-bay/#.VCnoW2eSwml

  • Huber GP (1991) Organizational learning: the contributing process and the literatures. Organ Sci 2(1):8–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huber GP, Power DJ (1985) Retrospective reports of strategic-level managers: guidelines for increasing their accuracy. Strateg Manag J 16:171–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inkpen AC (1998) Learning and knowledge acquisition through international strategic alliances. Acad Manag Exec 12(4):69–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasimuddin SM, Zhang Z (2014) Knowledge management strategy and organizational culture. J Oper Res Soc 65:1490–1500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jasimuddin SM, Klein JH, Connell C (2005) The paradox of using tacit and explicit knowledge: strategies to face dilemmas. Manag Decis 43(1):102–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jasimuddin SM, Connell NAD, Klein JH (2006) What motivates organisational knowledge transfer? Some lessons from a UK-based multinational. J Inf Knowl Manag 5(2):165–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jasimuddin SM, Connell N, Klein JH (2012) Knowledge transfer frameworks: an extension incorporating knowledge repositories and knowledge administration. Inf Syst J 22(3):195–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jasimuddin SM, Connell NAD, Klein JH (2014) A decision tree conceptualization of the choice of knowledge transfer mechanism. J Knowl Manag 18(1):194–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Z, Li Y (2008) The relationship between organisational learning and firm’s financial performance in strategic alliances: a contingency approach. J World Bus 43:365–379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johanson J, Vahlne J (2009) The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: from liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. J Int Bus Stud 40:1411–1431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joreskog KG, Dag S (1989) LISREL 7: a guide to the program and applications. SPP Inc, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Katsikea E, Theodosiou M, Perdikis N, Kehagias J (2011) The effects of organizational structure and job characteristics on export sales managers’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. J World Bus 46:221–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang M, Kim Y-G, Book G-W (2010) Identifying different antecedents for closed vs open knowledge transfer. J Inf Sci 36(5):585–602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller W, Yeaple SR (2013) The gravity of knowledge. Am Econ Rev 103(4):1414–1444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiessling TS, Richey RG, Meng J, Dabic M (2009) Exploring knowledge management to organizational performance outcomes in a transitional economy. J World Bus 44:421–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kostova T (1999) Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: a contextual perspective. Acad Manag Rev 24(2):308–324

  • Lagerström K, Andersson M (2003) Creating and sharing knowledge in a transnational team - the development of a global business system. J World Bus 38:84–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li A (2008) What affects organizational performance? The linking of learning and knowledge management. Ind Manag Data Syst 108(9):1234–1254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Park SH (2006) Determinants of locations of foreign direct investment in China. Manag Organ Rev 2(1):95–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu L, Leung K, Koch PT (2006) Managerial knowledge sharing: the role of individual, interpersonal, and organisational factors. Manag Organ Rev 2(1):15–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo L, Luo Y, Liu C (2008) Mutlilevel determinants of subsequent FDI in China. Thunderbird Int Bus Rev 50(2):105–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyles M, Salk J (1996) Knowledge acquisition from foreign parents in international joint ventures: an empirical examination in the hungarian context. J Int Bus Stud 27(5):877–903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mariotti S, Piscitello L, Elia S (2010) Spatial agglomeration of multinational enterprises: the role of information externalities and knowledge spillovers. J Econ Geogr 10(4):519–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathieson K, Peacock E, Chin WW (2001) Extending the technology acceptance model: the influence of perceived user resources. ACM SIGMIS Database 32(3):86–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehmanpazir B, Munier F (1999) Knowledge coordination, competence creation and integrated networks in globalised firms. Camb J Econ 23:225–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minbaeva D, Pedersen T, Björkman I, Fey CF, Park HJ (2003) MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and HRM. J Int Bus Stud 34:586–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mowery D, Oxley J, Silverman B (1996) Strategic alliances and interfirm knowledge transfer. Strateg Manag J 17:77–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nonaka I, Takeuchi H (1995) The knowledge creating company. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally JC (1978) Psychometric theory, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Park BI, Ghauri PN (2011) Key factors affecting acquisition of technological capabilities from foreign acquiring firms by small and medium sized local firms. J World Bus 46:116–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park BI (2010) What matters to managerial knowledge acquisition in international Joint ventures? High knowledge acquirers versus low knowledge acquirers. Asia Pac J Manag 27:55–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park BI (2011) Knowledge transfer capacity of multinational enterprises and technology acquisition in international joint ventures. Int Bus Rev 20:75–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff PM, Organ DW (1986) Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and Prospects. J Manag 12:69–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Qin C, Ramburtuh P, Wang Y (2008) Cultural distance and subsidiary roles in knowledge transfer in MNCs in China. Chin Manag Stud 2(4):260–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabbiosi L, Santangelo GD (2013) Parent company benefits from reverse knowledge transfer: The role of the liability of newness in MNEs. Journal of World Business 48:160–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rinallo D, Golfetto F (2011) Exploring the knowledge strategies of temporary cluster organizers: a longitudinal study of the EU fabric industry trade shows (1986–2006). Econ Geogr 87:453–476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roseenzweig PM, Singh JV (1991) Organizational environments and the multinational enterprise. Acad Manag Rev 16(2):340–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowley T, Behrens D, Krackhardt D (2000) Redundant governance structures: an analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in steel and semiconductor industries. Strateg Manag J 21(3):369–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryu S, Ho HS, Han I (2003) Knowledge sharing behavior of physicians in hospitals. Expert Syst Appl 25(1):113–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider S (1988) National versus corporate culture: implications for human resource management. Hum Resour Manag 27:231–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schrader S (1991) Informal technology transfer between firms: cooperation through information trading. Res Policy 20(2):153–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz M, Jobe LA (2001) Codification and tacitness as knowledge management strategies: an empirical exploration. J High Technol Manag Res 12(1):139–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shih K-H, Chang C-J, Lin B (2010) Assessing knowledge creation and intellectual capital in banking industry. J Intellect Cap 11(1):74–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simonin BL (1999) Transfer of marketing know-how in international strategic alliance: an empirical investigation of the role and antecedents of knowledge ambiguity. J Int Bus Stud 30(3):463–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simonin BL (2004) An empirical investigation of the process of knowledge transfer in international strategic alliances. J Int Bus Stud 35(5):407–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sperber AD, Devellis RF, Boehlecke B (1994) Cross-cultural translation: methodology and validation. J Cross Cult Psychol 25(4):501–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steensma KH, Lyles MA (2000) Explaining IJV survival in a transitional economy through social exchange and knowledge-based perspectives. Strateg Manag J 21(8):831–851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stensheim I (2012) R&D practices and communities in the TNC—proximities and distances. J Econ Geogr 12(3):651–666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stopford JM, Wells LT (1972) Managing the multinational enterprise. Basic Book, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Straub DW (1989) Validating instruments in MIS research’. MIS Q 13(2):147–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sumelius J, Sarala RM (2008) Knowledge development in MNC subsidiaries: the influence of MNC internal and external knowledge and control mechanisms. Thunderbird Int Bus Rev 50(4):245–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szulanski G (1996) Exploring internal stickiness: impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strateg Manag J 17:27–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobler WR (1970) A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region. Econ Geogr 46:234–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torre A, Rallet A (2005) Proximity and localization. Reg Stud 39(1):47–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Wijk R, Jansen JJP, Lyles MA (2008) Inter- and intra-organizational knowledge transfer: a meta-analytic review and assessment of its antecedents and consequences. J Manag Stud 45(4):830–853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venaik S, Midgley DF, Devinney TM (2005) Dual paths to performance: the impact of global pressures on MNC subsidiary conduct and performance. J Int Bus Stud 36:655–675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Hipple E (1994) Sticky information and the locus of problem solving: implications for innovation. Manag Sci 40:429–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang P, Tong TW, Koh CP (2004) An integrated model of knowledge transfer from MNC parent to China subsidiary. J World Bus 39:168–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinfurt KP (1995) Multivariate Analysis of Variance. In: Grimm LG, Yarnold PR (eds) Reading and Understanding Multivariate Statistics. APA, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood S, Reynolds J (2012) Managing communities and managing knowledge: strategic decision making and store network investment within retail multinationals. J Econ Geogr 12(2):539–565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamin M, Golesorkhi S (2010) Cultural distance and the pattern of equity ownership structure in international joint ventures. Int Bus Rev 19:457–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung HWC (2000) Organising ‘the firm’ in industrial geography I: networks, institutions and regional development. Prog Hum Geogr 24:301–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahra SA, George G (2002) Absorptive capacity: a review, reconceptualization, and extension. Acad Manag Rev 27:185–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao M, Islam M (2006) Cross-regional ties within firms: promoting knowledge flow or discouraging knowledge spillover? University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sajjad M. Jasimuddin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jasimuddin, S.M., Li, J. & Perdikis, N. Linkage between geographic space and knowledge transfer by multinational enterprises: a structural equation approach. Ann Reg Sci 54, 769–795 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-015-0684-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-015-0684-y

JEL Classification

Navigation