We thank Marina Leonardelli (Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico) and Patrizia Minunno (Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico) for administrative support. We thank: Aiello Clara, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Altomare Alessio, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Baratozzi Valentina, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Beltrama Virginia, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Benenti Claudia, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Brusatori Serena, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Caccioppola Alessio, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Cadone Ughi Elena, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Calabretta Davide, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), De Giorgis Valentina, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), De Razza Soraya, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Del Santo Gaia, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Di Feliciantonio Marianna, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Figgiaconi Virginia, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Filardo Clelia, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Garbelli Erica, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Giudici Giorgio, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Gregori Beatrice, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Lancioni Armando, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Magri Chiara, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Marasco Davide, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Marongiu Ines, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Mirandola Michela, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Montana Vincenzo, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Negro Carolina, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Pagano Martina, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Paladini Stefania, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Papaleo Anna, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Pelliccia Maria Rosa, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Penna Alessio, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Poggio Stefano, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Protti Ilaria, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Raimondo Matilde, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Roveri Giulia, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Russo Filippo Maria, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), Sepulcri Ilaria, MD (Università degli Studi of Milan), and Turconi Gloria, MS (Università degli Studi of Milan). We thank all the healthcare staff of the participating ICUs. These individuals were not compensated for their role in the study.
Collaborators of the COVID-19 Italian ICU Network: Massimo Antonelli: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Michele Aspesi: Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese; Federica Baccanelli: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, MI, Italy; Flavio Bassi: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli, Udine, Italy; Giacomo Bellani: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, San Gerardo Hospital ASST Monza, Monza, Italy; Angela Berselli: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, ASST Mantova–Ospedale Carlo Poma, Mantova, Italy; Andrzej Bet: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, A. Manzoni Hospital, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy; Emanuela Biagioni: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy; Alberto Biondo: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, ASST Mantova–Ospedale Carlo Poma, Mantova, Italy; Chiara Bonenti: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy; Nicola Bottino: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Tiziana Bove: Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Luca Brazzi: Dipartimento di Anestesia, Terapia Intensiva, e Emergenza, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy; Ilaria Buquicchio: UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, ASST Nord Milano Ospedale Edoardo Bassini Cinisello Balsamo; Stefano Busani: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy; Luca Cabrini: Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese; Angelo Calini: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Plinio Calligaro: UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, AULSS 9 Scaligera Ospedale Magalini di Villafranca; Leonarda Pia Cantatore: Department of medical and surgical sciences, Intensive care unit, University of Foggia, Italy; Simone Carelli: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Eleonora Carlesso: Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Andrea Carsetti: Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy; Gian Paolo Castelli: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, ASST Mantova–Ospedale Carlo Poma, Mantova, Italy; Sara Cavallini: Division of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care - Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Perugia, Italy; Maurizio Cecconi: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, MI, Italy; Giacomo Cimicchi: UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione Desio, ASST- Monza, Monza, Italy; Giuseppe Citerio: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, San Gerardo Hospital ASST Monza, Monza, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Irene Coloretti: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy; Andrea Coppadoro: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, San Gerardo Hospital ASST Monza, Monza, Italy; Daniele Corti: U.O.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale L. Mandic Merate, ASST Lecco; Lorenzo Dall’Ara: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy; Francesca Dalla Corte: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, MI, Italy; Edoardo De Robertis: Division of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care - Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Perugia, Italy; Valentina Di Gravio: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Mattia Erba: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, A. Manzoni Hospital, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy; Giulia Evasi: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, A. Manzoni Hospital, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy; Alberto Facchini: UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione Desio, ASST- Monza, Monza, Italy; Vito Fanelli: Dipartimento di Anestesia, Terapia Intensiva, ed Emergenza, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy; Giancarlo Feliciotti: Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese; Chiara Ferraris Fusarini: UOC Laboratorio Analisi, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Gioconda Ferraro: UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, AULSS 5 Polesana Ospedale di Rovigo e di Trecenta; Gaetano Florio: Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Giuseppe Foti: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, San Gerardo Hospital ASST Monza, Monza, Italy; Roberto Fumagalli: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Giuseppe Gagliardi: UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, AULSS 5 Polesana Ospedale di Rovigo e di Trecenta; Roberta Garberi: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Hedwige Gay: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laura Giacchè: Division of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care - Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Perugia, Italy; Massimo Girardis: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy; Riccardo Giudici: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy; Giacomo Grasselli: Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Domenico Grieco: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Lorenzo Guiotto: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, A. Manzoni Hospital, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy; Amedeo Guzzardella: Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Thomas Langer: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Federico Longhini: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Grecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy; Andrea Manzan: Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, AOU Sassari, Italy; Davide Maraggia: Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese; Angelo Milani: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, MI, Italy; Lucia Mirabella: Department of medical and surgical sciences, Intensive care unit, University of Foggia, Italy; Anna Mischi: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, ASST Mantova–Ospedale Carlo Poma, Mantova, Italy; Carlo Montalto: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, ASST Mantova–Ospedale Carlo Poma, Mantova, Italy; Sara Mormina: U.O.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale L. Mandic Merate, ASST Lecco; Valentina Noseda: UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione Desio, ASST- Monza, Monza, Italy; Chiara Paleari:
Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Daniela Pasero: Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, AOU Sassari, Italy; Matteo Pedeferri: U.O.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale L. Mandic Merate, ASST Lecco; Antonio Pesenti: Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Angelo Pezzi: UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, ASST Nord Milano Ospedale Edoardo Bassini Cinisello Balsamo; Giacinto Pizzilli: Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Matteo Pozzi: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, San Gerardo Hospital ASST Monza, Monza, Italy; Paolo Properzi: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Alessandro Protti: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, MI, Italy; Marco V. Ranieri: Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Michela Rauseo: Department of medical and surgical sciences, Intensive care unit, University of Foggia, Italy; Roberto Rona: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, San Gerardo Hospital ASST Monza, Monza, Italy; Vincenzo Russotto: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, San Gerardo Hospital ASST Monza, Monza, Italy; Luca Saccarelli: Division of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care - Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Perugia, Italy; Luigia Scudeller: Clinical Trials Team, Scientific Direction, IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Italy; Giuseppe Servillo: Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy; Paolo Severgnini: Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese; Savino Spadaro: Department morphology, surgery and experimental medicine. Section of intensive care. University of Ferrara; Sofia Spano: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, MI, Italy; Nino Stocchetti: Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Paola Tagliabue: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Tommaso Tonetti: Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Livio Tullo: Department of medical and surgical sciences, Intensive care unit, University of Foggia, Italy; Luigi Vetrugno: Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli, Udine, Italy; Martina Viganò: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, A. Manzoni Hospital, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy; Luigi Vivona: Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Carlo Alberto Volta: Department of morphology, surgery and experimental medicine. Section of intensive care. University of Ferrara; Vanessa Zambelli: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, San Gerardo Hospital ASST Monza, Monza, Italy; Alberto Zanella: Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Andrea Zanoni: Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.