Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Low-Grade-Infektionen werden durch die niedrig virulenten Erreger verursacht. Der Verlauf dieser Infektionen ist oft relativ mild, daher werden sie häufig zeitverzögert oder gar nicht erkannt. Es ist bekannt, dass chronisch verlaufende Infektionen zu Osteolysen und zur Implantatlockerung führen können. Aus der Literatur sind die Raten der revisionspflichtigen Komplikationen, wie die Implantatlockerung oder das Materialversagen, bekannt. Die Anzahl der Low-Grade-Infektionen bei Patienten, die sich einer Revisionsoperation an der Wirbelsäule unterziehen müssen, bleibt unklar.
Ziel der Arbeit
Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist, die neusten Erkenntnisse und die aktuellsten Behandlungsstrategien zur Therapie einer Low-Grade-Infektion vorzustellen. Die diagnostischen und therapeutischen Optionen werden in Form von Algorithmen zusammenfasst. Mit dieser Arbeit soll versucht werden, auf ein mögliches Vorliegen einer Low-Grade-Infektion bei revisionspflichten Wirbelsäulenpatienten zu sensibilisieren.
Material und Methoden
Anhand der aktuellen Publikationen werden die diagnostischen Modalitäten und die therapeutischen Ansätze vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Ergebnisse
Die Erkennung der Low-Grade-Infektionen ist sowohl aus dem klinischen als auch aus dem bildmorphologischen Aspekt schwierig. Bei ungeklärter Lockerung der eingebrachten Implantate oder sogar Materialversagen, trotz fehlender lokaler Entzündungszeichen und oft normaler laborchemischer Entzündungsparameter, muss an eine Low-Grade-Infektion gedacht werden. Die mehrfache Entnahme von mikrobiologischen Proben ist im Rahmen der Revisionsoperation zu fordern. Eine Probengewinnung für die histologische Aufarbeitung ist bei jeder Revisionsoperation und bei Verdacht auf eine Low-Grade-Infektion empfohlen. Die Diagnostik soll idealerweise mittels Sonikation der Implantate mit darauffolgender mikrobiologischer Bebrütung der asservierten Proben vervollständigt werden. Bei Anzeichen für eine Low-Grade-Infektion ist das mit Biofilm benetzte Implantat zu entfernen oder bei bestehender Instabilität zu wechseln. Topische Antibiotika sind als sinnvolles Supportivum einsetzbar, allerdings ist deren Wirksamkeit zur Behandlung der Low-Grade-Infektionen noch nicht hinreichend bewiesen.
Diskussion
Anhand der durchgeführten Literaturrecherche konnte ein diagnostischer und ein therapeutischer Algorithmus erstellt werden, der im klinischen Alltag als eine Entscheidungshilfe dienen soll.
Abstract
Background
Low-grade infections are caused by low-virulence pathogens. The course of these infections is often mild, which is why they are often delayed or not recognized at all. Chronic infections can lead to osteolysis and implant loosening. The rate of complications requiring revision, such as implant loosening or material failure, is known from the literature. However, the rate of low-grade infections in patients requiring spinal revision surgery remains unclear.
Purpose
The aim of this review is to present the latest treatment strategies for low-grade infections. The diagnostic and therapeutic options are summarized in the form of algorithms. The aim of this work is to raise an awareness of the possibility of a low-grade infection in patients undergoing spinal revision surgery.
Materials and methods
Review of the literature
Results
The detection of low-grade infections is difficult from both a clinical and a radiological point of view. In the event of unexplained implant loosening or failure despite the lack of local inflammatory signs and often normal laboratory parameters, a low-grade infection must be considered. Multiple microbiological sampling must be requested as part of the revision surgery. A histological examination is recommended for all revision surgery, especially if a low-grade infection is suspected. The diagnosis should ideally be completed by sonicating the implants with subsequent microbiological incubation of the preserved samples. If a low-grade infection is suspected, the biofilm-covered implant should be removed or replaced if instability/no fusion is present. The use of topical antibiotics could be useful, but its effectiveness in treating low-grade infections has not yet been sufficiently demonstrated.
Discussion
An algorithm for clinical decision-making in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic options is suggested.
Change history
19 August 2020
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Abbreviations
- CDC:
-
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- CRP :
-
C‑reaktives Protein
- PCR :
-
Polymerasekettenreaktion
- PEEK :
-
Polyetheretherketon
- PET :
-
Positronenemissionstomographie
- SSI :
-
„Surgical site infections“
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M. Akbar, B. Lehner, Y.-M. Ryang und W. Pepke geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
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Akbar, M., Lehner, B., Ryang, YM. et al. Low-Grade-Infektionen in der Wirbelsäulenchirurgie – Ein Chamäleon?. Orthopäde 49, 669–678 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-020-03947-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-020-03947-z