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Grenzen des kinematischen Alignments und Empfehlungen für die sichere Anwendung

Limits of kinematic alignment and recommendations for its safe application

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Trotz der wachsenden klinischen Evidenz „pro“ kinematisches Alignment (KA) in der Primärendoprothetik des Kniegelenkes hat sich die Idee dieser individualisierten Implantatausrichtung in den vergangenen Jahren (noch) nicht flächendeckend durchgesetzt. Viele Operateure haben Vorbehalte gegenüber der Sicherheit der Methode und der Universalität ihrer Anwendung. Interessanterweise zeigen insbesondere Studien mit unlimitierter Indikationsstellung einen tendenziell geringen oder keinen Vorteil gegenüber dem mechanischen Alignment als Studien mit engen Einschlusskriterien.

Fragestellung und Methodik

Daraus ergibt sich eine Diskussion über mögliche Indikationsgrenzen für das KA, die hier in ihrer wissenschaftlichen Evidenz und mit theoretischen Überlegungen aufgegriffen werden sollen. Weiterhin beschäftigt sich dieser Artikel mit den „Lessons Learned“ der vergangenen Jahre als eine Empfehlung für die sichere Methodenanwendung.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Nach den bisherigen Erfahrungen erscheint die primäre Varusgonarthrose als gute Indikation für das KA. Als Einschränkung gelten jedoch extraartikuläre Deformitäten, die zu einem pathologisch veränderten Gelenklinienwinkel führen. Ligamentäre Instabilitäten der Kollateralbänder stellen in jedem Fall eine Kontraindikation dar. Die Valgusgonarthrose wird deutlich kritischer diskutiert. Insbesondere begleitende extraartikuläre Pathologien an Hüfte und Sprunggelenk bergen ein erhöhtes Versagensrisiko. Nach unserer Ansicht ist hier eine Korrektur im Sinne eines „restricted“ KA sinnvoll. Als präoperative Bildgebung erscheint eine Ganzbeinstandaufnahme mit Bestimmung der Gelenkflächenwinkel zur Abschätzung der späteren Prothesenposition sinnvoll. In bestimmten Fragestellungen sind ergänzende Stressaufnahmen hilfreich, wie auch die dreidimensionale Darstellung der Anatomie per CT oder MRT.

Abstract

Background

Despite the growing clinical evidence “pro” kinematic alignment (KA) in primary total knee arthroplasty, the idea of this individualized implant positioning has not (yet) become established throughout the community. Many surgeons have concerns about the safety of the method and the universality of its application. Interestingly, comparative studies with unlimited indications for KA showed only little or no advantage over standard mechanical alignment in contrast to studies with strict indications showing a significant benefit.

Question and methodology

This results in a discussion about possible indication limits for KA. The aim of this article is to summarize the current evidence and theoretical considerations regarding ideal and possibly non-ideal patients. Furthermore, the paper describes the “lessons learned” of the past years as a recommendation for safe use of the method.

Results and discussion

Based on current evidence, primary varus osteoarthritis appears to be a good indication for KA. A limitation, however, is extra-articular deformities that lead to a pathologically joint line angle. Instabilities of the collateral ligaments are to be considered as a contraindication. In contrast to varus type osteoarthritis, valgus deformities appear to be more critical for KA. Even though there is yet only limited evidence, especially the accompanying extra-articular pathologies of the hip and ankle pose an increased risk of failure. In our opinion, a restricted KA with an individualized component position but neutral overall limb alignment makes sense here. To analyze the suitability of KA and estimate the post-operative component position, weight-bearing long-leg x‑rays are recommended. Additional stress radiography is helpful in certain cases, as is the three-dimensional analysis of the anatomy by CT or MRI scans.

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Abbreviations

KA:

Kinematisches Alignment

LDFA :

Femoraler Gelenkflächenwinkel

MA :

Mechanisches Alignment

MPTA :

Tibialer Gelenkflächenwinkel

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Correspondence to Tilman Calliess.

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Interessenkonflikt

T. Calliess und M. Ettinger geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Calliess, T., Ettinger, M. Grenzen des kinematischen Alignments und Empfehlungen für die sichere Anwendung. Orthopäde 49, 617–624 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-020-03931-7

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