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Histopathologische Klassifikationsprinzipien rheumatischer Gelenkerkrankungen

Beitrag der Pathologie zur Diagnose

Histopathological classification principles of rheumatic joint diseases

Contribution of pathology to the diagnosis

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Zusammenfassung

Wenngleich die Diagnostik rheumatischer Gelenkerkrankungen mehrheitlich auf klinischen, immunserologischen und bildgebenden Kriterien beruht, kann auch die Histopathologie einen wesentlichen Beitrag leisten. Dies gilt insbesondere bei klinisch unklaren mono- und periartikulären Erkrankungen. Ein umfassendes Spektrum der histopathologischen Differenzialdiagnostik ist im „Gelenkpathologiealgorithmus“ dargelegt. Gelegentlich können Erkrankungen, die klinisch nicht erkannt wurden, histopathologisch diagnostiziert werden. Für das gesamte Spektrum von Gelenkerkrankungen bestehen standardisierte, überwiegend international akzeptierte, histopathologische Bewertungsschemata (Scores, Algorithmen). Die Gewebeübersendung erfolgt in gepufferter 5 %iger Formalinlösung. Wesentlich für die Güte der Diagnostik ist die Übersendung des Gewebes in unterschiedlichen Fraktionen (verschiedenen Übersendungsgefäßen) insbesondere bei heterogenen, krankhaften Veränderungen unterschiedlicher Lokalisation im Gelenk. Bis heute existiert kein validierter histopathologischer Score zur Beurteilung der durch die immunsuppressive Therapie erzielten Entzündungshemmung an der Synovialis. Eine Reduktion der Zellzahl kann als Therapieerfolg, ein hoher Synovialitis-Score hingegen als Zeichen eines fehlenden Therapieeffekts diskutiert werden. Aktuelle molekulare Analysen weisen auf für die Pathogenese relevanten Proteine hin. Es ist daher zu erwarten, dass künftig gewebliche Biomarker der rheumatoiden Arthritis identifiziert werden, die eine Risikostratifizierung der High-grade-Synovialitis in Bezug auf das Progressionsrisiko und die Biologikasensitivität ermöglichen und somit den Stellenwert der histopathologischen Synovialitisdiagnostik weitererhöhen könnten.

Abstract

Even though the diagnostics of rheumatic joint diseases are mostly based on clinical, immunoserological and imaging criteria, histopathology can also make a significant contribution. This is particularly true for clinically unclear monoarticular and periarticular diseases. The contribution of histopathology to the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases is manifold since the histopathological differential diagnosis includes the complete spectrum of synovial diseases. This heterogeneous pathogenetic spectrum is described in the joint pathology algorithm, which includes inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases. To the latter group belong certain benign tumors such as the diffuse variant of the tenosynovial giant cell tumor, lipoma, hemangioma, vascular malformations and synovial chondromatosis. Additionally, the rare group of storage diseases should be kept in mind. Inflammatory diseases can be discriminated into crystal-induced arthropathies mainly such as gout and pseudogout, into granulomatous diseases such as tuberculosis and foreign-body inoculations, and finally into the large group of non-granulomatous, non-infectious synovitis. This large group is by far the most common, and it often causes difficulties in assigning the histopathological findings to a concrete rheumatologic diagnosis. In this context the synovitis score should be applied as a diagnostic device in these cases, leading to the diagnosis of a low-grade synovitis (which is associated with degenerative arthropathies) or of a high-grade synovitis (associated with rheumatic diseases). Identification of crystals and crystal-like deposits should be carried out with the application of the joint particle algorithm which addresses the identification of endogenous and non-endogenous particle deposits in the synovial tissues. Additionally, the synovitis-score may be used for evaluation of arthritis-progresssion and for the evaluation of inflammation-regression as a consequence of therapy with biologicals.

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Abbreviations

BBR:

Berliner-Blau-Reaktion

CPPA:

Kalziumpyrophosphat

EDTA:

Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure

MTX:

Methotrexat

PAS:

„Periodic acid-Schiff reaction“

PCR:

„Polymerase chain reaction“ (Polymerasekettenreaktion)

PE:

Polyethylen

PMMA:

Polymethylmethacrylat

POL:

Polarisationsoptische Analyse

PVNS:

Pigmentierte villonoduläre Synovialitis

RA:

Rheumatoide Arthritis

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Correspondence to V. Krenn.

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V. Krenn, W. Waldstein, A. Najm, G. Perino und R. Gaulke geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Krenn, V., Waldstein, W., Najm, A. et al. Histopathologische Klassifikationsprinzipien rheumatischer Gelenkerkrankungen. Orthopäde 47, 941–948 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-018-3649-x

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