Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Associations between digital media use and psychotic experiences in young adults of Quebec, Canada: a longitudinal study

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Digital media use has been associated with psychotic experiences in youth from the community, but the direction of association remains unclear. We aimed to examine between- and within-person associations of digital media use and psychotic experiences in youth.

Methods

The sample included 425 participants aged 18–25 years (82.5% female) from the community, followed between May 2021 and January 2022 over 3 time points—of which 263 participants (61.9%) completed at least 2. Digital media use was self-reported as time spent daily on TV and streaming platforms, social media, and video games over the past 3 months. Psychotic experiences in the past 3 months were measured with the 15-item Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences. Associations between digital media use and psychotic experiences were estimated using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model.

Results

On average, individuals who reported greater digital media use also reported higher levels of psychotic experiences (r = 0.34, 95% CI 0.15, 0.53). However, a person’s variation in digital media use, relative to their personal average, was not significantly associated with subsequent variations in their levels of psychotic experiences, or vice-versa. Results were similar across TV/streaming, social media and video game use, and after adjusting for age, sex, education, sleep, physical activity, and cannabis use.

Conclusion

Individuals with a tendency for higher levels of digital media use also had a tendency for higher levels of psychotic experiences. Understanding this association may help personalize mental health interventions for people with psychotic experiences, which may be offered digitally to promote their accessibility.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data is not publicly available due to ethics approval from participants not covering public sharing but is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Guloksuz S, Pries L-K, ten Have M et al (2020) Association of preceding psychosis risk states and non-psychotic mental disorders with incidence of clinical psychosis in the general population: a prospective study in the NEMESIS-2 cohort. World Psychiatry 19:199–205. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20755

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Staines L, Healy C, Murphy F et al (2023) Incidence and persistence of psychotic experiences in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbad056

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Yates K, Lång U, Cederlöf M et al (2019) Association of psychotic experiences with subsequent risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide deaths: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal population studies. JAMA Psychiatry 76:180–189. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. McGrath JJ, Saha S, Al-Hamzawi A et al (2016) The bidirectional associations between psychotic experiences and DSM-IV mental disorders. AJP 173:997–1006. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15101293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Healy C, Brannigan R, Dooley N et al (2019) Childhood and adolescent psychotic experiences and risk of mental disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 49:1589–1599. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719000485

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Soneson E, Russo D, Stochl J et al (2020) Psychological interventions for people with psychotic experiences: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and uncontrolled effectiveness and economic studies. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 54:673–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420913118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Fusar-Poli P, Salazar de Pablo G, Correll CU et al (2020) Prevention of psychosis: advances in detection, prognosis, and intervention. JAMA Psychiatry 77:755. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4779

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lee J-Y, Ban D, Kim S-Y et al (2019) Negative life events and problematic internet use as factors associated with psychotic-like experiences in adolescents. Front Psychiatry 10:369. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00369

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. McMahon EM, Corcoran P, Keeley H et al (2021) Risk and protective factors for psychotic experiences in adolescence: a population-based study. Psychol Med 51:1220–1228. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719004136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Mittal VA, Dean DJ, Pelletier A (2013) Internet addiction, reality substitution, and longitudinal changes in psychotic-like experiences in young adults. Early Interv Psychiatry 7:261–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012.00390.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Orben A (2020) The Sisyphean cycle of technology panics. Perspect Psychol Sci 15:1143–1157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620919372

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Académie de la transformation numérique (2021) Portrait numérique des foyers québécois. NETendances 12:1–21

    Google Scholar 

  13. Odgers CL, Jensen MR (2020) Annual research review: adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 61:336–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13190

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Shannon H, Bush K, Villeneuve PJ et al (2022) Problematic social media use in adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Mental Health 9:e33450. https://doi.org/10.2196/33450

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Paquin V, Ferrari M, Sekhon H, Rej S (2023) Time to think “Meta”: a critical viewpoint on the risks and benefits of virtual worlds for mental health. JMIR Serious Games 11:e43388. https://doi.org/10.2196/43388

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Orben A, Dienlin T, Przybylski AK (2019) Social media’s enduring effect on adolescent life satisfaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:10226–10228. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902058116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Vanden Abeele MMP (2021) Digital wellbeing as a dynamic construct. Commun Theory 31:932–955. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtaa024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Tang S, Werner-Seidler A, Torok M et al (2021) The relationship between screen time and mental health in young people: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Clin Psychol Rev 86:102021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Stip E, Thibault A, Beauchamp-Chatel A, Kisely S (2016) Internet addiction, Hikikomori syndrome, and the prodromal phase of psychosis. Front Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00006

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Torous J, Keshavan M (2016) The role of social media in schizophrenia: evaluating risks, benefits, and potential. Curr Opin Psychiatry 29:190–195. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Berry N, Emsley R, Lobban F, Bucci S (2018) Social media and its relationship with mood, self-esteem and paranoia in psychosis. Acta Psychiatry Scand 138:558–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12953

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Highton-Williamson E, Priebe S, Giacco D (2015) Online social networking in people with psychosis: a systematic review. Int J Soc Psychiatry 61:92–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764014556392

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. van Os J, Pries L-K, ten Have M et al (2021) Schizophrenia and the environment: within-person analyses may be required to yield evidence of unconfounded and causal association—the example of Cannabis and psychosis. Schizophr Bull 47:594–603. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbab019

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Kaye LK, Orben A, Ellis DA et al (2020) The conceptual and methodological mayhem of “Screen Time.” Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:3661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. McGrath JJ, Saha S, Al-Hamzawi A et al (2015) Psychotic experiences in the general population: a cross-national analysis based on 31,261 respondents from 18 countries. JAMA Psychiatry 72:697–705. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0575

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Firth J, Solmi M, Wootton RE et al (2020) A meta-review of “lifestyle psychiatry”: the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. World Psychiatry 19:360–380. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20773

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M (2003) Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms 18:80–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730402239679

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sheaves B, Porcheret K, Tsanas A et al (2016) Insomnia, nightmares, and chronotype as markers of risk for severe mental illness: results from a student population. Sleep 39:173–181. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5342

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Capra C, Kavanagh DJ, Hides L, Scott JG (2017) Current CAPE-15: a measure of recent psychotic-like experiences and associated distress. Early Interv Psychiatry 11:411–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12245

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Capra C, Kavanagh DJ, Hides L, Scott J (2013) Brief screening for psychosis-like experiences. Schizophr Res 149:104–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Jaya ES, van Amelsvoort T, Bartels-Velthuis AA et al (2021) The community assessment of psychic experiences: optimal cut-off scores for detecting individuals with a psychotic disorder. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 30:e1893. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1893

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Sun M, Wang D, Jing L et al (2020) Psychometric properties of the 15-item positive subscale of the community assessment of psychic experiences. Schizophr Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.06.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Paquin V, Elgbeili G, Munden J et al (2022) Conditional associations between childhood cat ownership and psychotic experiences in adulthood: a retrospective study. J Psychiatr Res 148:197–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.058

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kessler RC, Ustün TB (2004) The World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 13:93–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Nikolaidis A, Paksarian D, Alexander L et al (2021) The Coronavirus Health and Impact Survey (CRISIS) reveals reproducible correlates of pandemic-related mood states across the Atlantic. Sci Rep 11:8139. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87270-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Jacobsen WC, Forste R (2011) The wired generation: academic and social outcomes of electronic media use among university students. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 14:275–280. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cosgrave J, Purple RJ, Haines R et al (2021) Do environmental risk factors for the development of psychosis distribute differently across dimensionally assessed psychotic experiences? Transl Psychiatry 11:226. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01265-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Patterson F, Malone SK, Lozano A et al (2016) Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank. Ann Behav Med 50:715–726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016-9797-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Pramstaller PP et al (2004) A marker for the end of adolescence. Curr Biol 14:R1038–R1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.11.039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M et al (2003) International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:1381–1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Landry M, Tremblay J, Guyon L et al (2004) La Grille de dépistage de la consommation problématique d’alcool et de drogues chez les adolescents et les adolescentes (DEP-ADO): développement et qualités psychométriques. DSS 3:20–37. https://doi.org/10.7202/010517ar

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Leiner DJ (2013) Too fast, too straight, too weird: post hoc identification of meaningless data in internet surveys. SSRN J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2361661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Johannes N, Dienlin T, Bakhshi H, Przybylski AK (2022) No effect of different types of media on well-being. Sci Rep 12:61. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03218-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Hamaker EL, Kuiper RM, Grasman RPPP (2015) A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychol Methods 20:102–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038889

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Mund M, Nestler S (2019) Beyond the Cross-Lagged Panel Model: next-generation statistical tools for analyzing interdependencies across the life course. Adv Life Course Res 41:100249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2018.10.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rosseel Y (2012) lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. J Stat Softw 48:1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02

  47. Enders CK, Bandalos DL (2001) The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Struct Equ Model 8:430–457. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Orben A, Przybylski AK (2019) Screens, teens, and psychological well-being: evidence from three time-use-diary studies. Psychol Sci 30:682–696. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619830329

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Ferguson CJ (2009) An effect size primer: a guide for clinicians and researchers. Prof Psychol Res Pract 40:532–538. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Hu L, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model 6:1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Bentler PM, Bonett DG (1980) Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychol Bull 88:588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Lin BD, Pries L-K, Sarac HS et al (2022) Nongenetic factors associated with psychotic experiences among UK Biobank participants: exosome-wide analysis and Mendelian randomization analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 79:857. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1655

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Davidson BI, Shaw H, Ellis DA (2022) Fuzzy constructs in technology usage scales. Comput Hum Behav. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Ellis DA (2019) Are smartphones really that bad? Improving the psychological measurement of technology-related behaviors. Comput Hum Behav 97:60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Council on Communications and Media, Hill D, Ameenuddin N et al (2016) Media use in school-aged children and adolescents. Pediatrics 138:e20162592. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. McCain J, Morrison K, Ahn SJ (2019) Video games and behavior change. In: Attrill-Smith A, Fullwood C, Keep M, Kuss DJ (eds) The Oxford handbook of cyberpsychology. Oxford University Press, pp 507–531

    Google Scholar 

  57. Coyne SM, Padilla-Walker LM, Howard E (2013) Emerging in a digital world: a decade review of media use, effects, and gratifications in emerging adulthood. Emerg Adulthood 1:125–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813479782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Choi WT, Yu DK, Wong T et al (2020) Habits and attitudes of video gaming and information technology use in people with schizophrenia: cross-sectional survey. J Med Internet Res 22:e14865. https://doi.org/10.2196/14865

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Coyne SM, Rogers AA, Zurcher JD et al (2020) Does time spent using social media impact mental health?: an eight year longitudinal study. Comput Hum Behav 104:106160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Stavrova O, Denissen J (2021) Does using social media jeopardize well-being? The importance of separating within- from between-person effects. Soc Psychol Personal Sci 12:964–973. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620944304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Houghton S, Lawrence D, Hunter SC et al (2018) Reciprocal relationships between trajectories of depressive symptoms and screen media use during adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 47:2453–2467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0901-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Orben A (2020) Teenagers, screens and social media: a narrative review of reviews and key studies. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 55:407–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01825-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sheldon KM, Abad N, Hinsch C (2011) A two-process view of Facebook use and relatedness need-satisfaction: disconnection drives use, and connection rewards it. J Pers Soc Psychol 100:766–775. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022407

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Zone Santé- ICI.Radio-Canada.ca (2021) Le Québec en entier voit désormais la vie en vert | Coronavirus. In: Radio-Canada.ca. https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1804742/covid-palier-quebec-vert-28-juin-2021. Accessed 14 May 2022

  65. Zone Santé- ICI.Radio-Canada.ca (2021) Restrictions sanitaires: François Legault pourrait donner un autre tour de vis | Coronavirus. In: Radio-Canada.ca. https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1849175/bilan-quebec-21-decembre-2021. Accessed 14 May 2022

  66. Watkins-Martin K, Orri M, Pennestri M-H et al (2021) Depression and anxiety symptoms in young adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from a Canadian population-based cohort. Ann Gen Psychiatry 20:42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-021-00362-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Scharkow M (2016) The accuracy of self-reported internet use—a validation study using client log data. Commun Methods Meas 10:13–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2015.1118446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Verbeij T, Pouwels JL, Beyens I, Valkenburg PM (2021) Experience sampling self-reports of social media use have comparable predictive validity to digital trace measures. Sci Rep 12:7611. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11510-3

  69. van Rooij AJ, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD et al (2014) The (co-)occurrence of problematic video gaming, substance use, and psychosocial problems in adolescents. J Behav Addict 3:157–165. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.3.2014.013

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Valkenburg PM, Peter J (2013) The differential susceptibility to media effects model: differential susceptibility to media effects model. J Commun 63:221–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Henson P, Rodriguez-Villa E, Torous J (2021) Investigating associations between screen time and symptomatology in individuals with serious mental illness: longitudinal observational study. J Med Internet Res 23:e23144. https://doi.org/10.2196/23144

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Torous J, Bucci S, Bell IH et al (2021) The growing field of digital psychiatry: current evidence and the future of apps, social media, chatbots, and virtual reality. World Psychiatry 20:318–335. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20883

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Madigan S, Browne D, Racine N et al (2019) Association between screen time and children’s performance on a developmental screening test. JAMA Pediatr 173:244–250. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5056

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study received funding from the Stratas Foundation awarded to VP and from the Canada Research Chair awarded to MCG and IOM. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Ludmer Research and Training Building, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada

    Vincent Paquin & Marie-Claude Geoffroy

  2. McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Vincent Paquin & Marie-Claude Geoffroy

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Frederick L. Philippe

  4. The Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Research and Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Holly Shannon & Synthia Guimond

  5. Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Holly Shannon

  6. Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, University of Quebec in Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada

    Synthia Guimond

  7. School of Criminology, University of Montreal, and Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Isabelle Ouellet-Morin

Authors
  1. Vincent Paquin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Frederick L. Philippe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Holly Shannon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Synthia Guimond
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Isabelle Ouellet-Morin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Marie-Claude Geoffroy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vincent Paquin.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 4150 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Paquin, V., Philippe, F.L., Shannon, H. et al. Associations between digital media use and psychotic experiences in young adults of Quebec, Canada: a longitudinal study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 59, 65–75 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-023-02537-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-023-02537-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation