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Depression in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia: a scoping review

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Abstract

Purpose

Caregivers play a vitally important role in the lives of people with schizophrenia. However, their mental health can often be overlooked. In recent years, with increasing attention to mental health and wellness, common mental illness such as depression in caregivers of people with schizophrenia has received renewed attention. The purpose of this review was to consolidate and synthesize recent literature on (1) the prevalence of depression in caregivers of people with schizophrenia, (2) factors associated with depression in caregivers of people with schizophrenia, and (3) interventions that target depression in caregivers of people with schizophrenia.

Methods

A systematic search focusing on literature published between 2010 and 2022 was done to retrieve relevant articles from the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and Ovid Psych INFO.

Results

Twenty-four studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Nine evaluated the prevalence of depression, 18 evaluated factors associated with depression in caregivers, and 6 examined interventions targeting depression. The prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms in samples of caregivers ranged between 12 and 40% across the studies. Females, especially mothers of people with schizophrenia, were more likely to experience depression, followed by younger caregivers. Several factors, including gender, interpersonal relationships, social support, stigma, literacy, and financial constraints, were identified as factors associated with depression in caregivers. Several interventions like yoga, emotional training, and psychoeducation were evaluated, and they showed a significant reduction in the level of depression and depressive symptoms experienced by the caregiver population.

Conclusions

Depression in caregivers in this clinical population may be widespread and warrants further study. There are promising interventions that can target depression in caregivers. Well-designed longitudinal studies may help identify caregivers at risk of developing depression and further inform targets for intervention.

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Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

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  1. Martin Rotenberg and Sri Mahavir Agarwal share the senior authorship.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada

    Femin Prasad, Margaret K. Hahn, Araba F. Chintoh, Gary Remington, George Foussias, Martin Rotenberg & Sri Mahavir Agarwal

  2. Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Femin Prasad, Margaret K. Hahn, Araba F. Chintoh, Gary Remington, George Foussias & Sri Mahavir Agarwal

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 1051 Queen St W, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H3, Canada

    Margaret K. Hahn, Araba F. Chintoh, Gary Remington, George Foussias, Martin Rotenberg & Sri Mahavir Agarwal

  4. Banting and Best Diabetes Centre (BBDC), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Margaret K. Hahn & Sri Mahavir Agarwal

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Contributions

All authors contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript and approved its final version. F.P. and M.R. were involved in the study design and conception. F.P. was involved in all aspects of the review from title search, title and abstract screening, full-text screening, synthesis of results, and writing this manuscript. M.R. and S.M.A. edited the first version of the manuscript and were involved in revising and editing the final version of the manuscript. M.K.H, A.F.C, G.F and G.R revised the work critically and provided suggestions for improvement.

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Correspondence to Sri Mahavir Agarwal.

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Table 3 Description of self-report questionnaires used to measure depressive symptoms in participants. ‘Original Source’ indicates the authors who originally developed the questionnaire
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Prasad, F., Hahn, M.K., Chintoh, A.F. et al. Depression in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia: a scoping review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 59, 1–23 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-023-02504-1

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