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Tourmaline as a potential mineral for exploring porphyry deposits: a case study of the Bilihe gold deposit in Inner Mongolia, China

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Abstract

Tourmaline is widespread at the Bilihe porphyry gold deposit in Inner Mongolia, China. Five types of tourmaline are recognized based on their occurring locations and microscopic structures: (1) Tur-A in quartz–magnetite ± K-feldspar veins and related potassic-altered rocks, (2) Tur-B in auriferous quartz veinlets, (3) Tur-C in the intermediate argillic shell, (4) Tur-D in late quartz–carbonate–tourmaline–pyrite veins, and (5) Tur-HB in hydrothermal breccia pipes, consisting of three sub-generations (Tur-HB1, -HB2, and -HB3). Almost all these tourmalines have a schorlitic–dravitic composition and belong to the alkali group. Most of the tourmalines contain high Al contents, which may suggest that the fluids are Al-enriched, and that (□Al)(NaFe)-1 and (AlO)(R2+)-1(OH)-1 exchanges have dominated their elemental substitutions. Tur-A and -B yield similar REE patterns with no strong fractionation of LREE and HREE, whereas LREE-enrichment and HREE-depletion characterize Tur-C and Tur-D; Tur-HB1 and -HB2 have flat REE patterns. Tourmalines in hydrothermal veins always show negative Eu anomalies, whereas the ones replacing plagioclase in the altered rocks yield positive Eu anomalies. The mineral precipitation and assimilation of host rocks probably both contributed to the variable compositions of Bilihe tourmaline. Tur-A−D from the main orebody all yield positive δ11B values ranging from +0.7 to +6.3‰, whereas Tur-HB1−HB3 from the hydrothermal breccia pipe show negative δ11B values of −8.8 to −3.5‰. Magmatic hydrothermal fluids enriched in isotopically light boron could have dominated the formation of Tur-HB. In contrast, the heavy boron in Tur-A−D was probably leached from the widespread marine carbonates around the deposit. Systematic contrasts in the trace element compositions of tourmaline from different mineralization types and granitic rocks suggest that (Sn + Li) vs. (Ni + V + Zn), (∑REE + Y + Zr) vs. (Ni + V + Zn) and V vs. Zn are potential elemental groups for distinguishing tourmaline from different environments.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr. Zhenyu Chen for his help in EPMA analyses, Hongfang Chen for her help in LA-ICP-MS analyses, Pan Sun for her help in B-isotopic analyses, and Dr. Noel White for his help in field observation. Sincere thanks to Robert Trumbull and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments on the manuscript. We also thank editors Bernd Lehmann and Shaoyong Jiang for their editing. This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42073037, 41672067), the National Key Research and Development Project of China (2017YFC0601302) and the project Technology Evolution, Minerogenetic Information and Minerogenesis in Xing’an-Mongolia Orogenic Belt, 2015–2018.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42073037, 41672067), the National Key Research and Development Project of China (2017YFC0601302) and the project Technology Evolution, Minerogenetic Information and Minerogenesis in Xing’an-Mongolia Orogenic Belt, 2015–2018.

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  1. Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Wenbo Li, Xueyuan Qiao & Fanghua Zhang

  2. Centre for Ore Deposit and Earth Sciences (CODES), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, 7001, Australia

    Lejun Zhang

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Wenbo Li and Xueyuan Qiao contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Xueyuan Qiao, Wenbo Li and Fanghua Zhang. Xueyuan Qiao and Wenbo Li wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and Lejun Zhang commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Li, W., Qiao, X., Zhang, F. et al. Tourmaline as a potential mineral for exploring porphyry deposits: a case study of the Bilihe gold deposit in Inner Mongolia, China. Miner Deposita 57, 61–82 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01051-6

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