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Variations of sulphur isotope signatures in sulphides from the metamorphosed Ming Cu(−Au) volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit, Newfoundland Appalachians, Canada

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An Erratum to this article was published on 01 March 2015

Abstract

The Ming deposit is an early Ordovician, bimodal-mafic Cu–Au volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit in the Newfoundland Appalachians that was metamorphosed to upper greenschist/lower amphibolite facies conditions and deformed in the Silurian and Devonian. The Ming deposit consists of several spatially proximal ore bodies of which the 1806 Zone, 1807 Zone, Ming South Up Plunge and Down Plunge and the Lower Footwall Zone are the focus of this paper. The ore bodies have similar stratigraphic sequences. The ore bodies can be divided into (1) a silicified horizon that caps the massive sulphides, (2) semi-massive to massive sulphides and (3) sulphide mineralization in a rhyodacitic footwall. Sulphide mineralization in a rhyodacitic footwall includes (a) sulphide stringers immediately below the semi-massive to massive sulphides and (b) chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite–pyrite stringers distally from semi-massive to massive sulphides in the Lower Footwall Zone. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite and galena were analysed by in situ secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for sulphur isotope compositions. The isotopic signatures of pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite fall within a limited range of 2.8 to 12.0 ‰ for semi-massive to massive sulphides and sulphide mineralization in the footwall. The silicified horizon capping the semi-massive to massive sulphides has higher δ 34S (5.8–19.6 ‰), especially for pyrrhotite (mean, 17.2 ± 2.2 ‰, n = 8). The sulphur isotope composition of galena is more heterogeneous, especially within semi-massive to massive sulphides and sulphide stringers, ranging from 0.8 to 17.3 ‰ (mean, 6.1 ± 4.3 ‰, n = 35) and 7.6 to 17.1 ‰ (mean, 13.7 ± 5.3 ‰, n = 3), respectively. Geothermometric calculations give insufficient formation and metamorphism temperatures for neighbouring mineral pairs, because sulphides were not in isotopic equilibrium while deposited in early Ordovician or re-equilibrated during Silurian–Devonian metamorphism, respectively. Therefore, original isotopic compositions of sulphides at the Ming deposit have been preserved. Modelling of the source of sulphur shows that: (1) reduced seawater sulphate and (2) sulphur leached from igneous wall rock and/or derived from magmatic fluids are the main sources of sulphur in the Ming deposit. The influence of igneous sulphur (igneous wall rock/magmatic fluids) increases with temperature and is an important sulphur source for the semi-massive to massive sulphides and footwall mineralization, in addition to a contribution from thermochemical sulphate reduction (TSR) of seawater. It is difficult to distinguish between sulphur leached from igneous rocks and magmatic fluid-related sulphur, and it is possible that both sources contributed to the ores at the Ming deposit. In addition to igneous sulphur, the heavy isotopes of the silicified horizon are consistent with the sulphur in this horizon being derived only from thermochemical sulphate reduction of early Ordovician seawater sulphate.

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Acknowledgments

Stefanie Brueckner gives special thanks to staff and miners of the Ming mine, who are explicitly thanked for their help, assistance and support during core logging and underground mapping. Rambler Metals and Mining Canada Ltd. provided logistical support for the project. Stefanie Brueckner also thanks especially Anthony E. Fallick, an anonymous reviewer, co-editor Karen Kelley and editor-in-chief Georges Beaudoin for their constructive, critical and helpful comments, which improved the manuscript greatly. Funding for the project was provided by grants to Stephen Piercey, including an NSERC Discovery Grant and the NSERC Altius Industrial Research Chair in Mineral Deposits supported by NSERC, Altius Minerals Ltd. and the Research and Development Corporation of Newfoundland and Labrador. The installation of the MAF-IIC SIMS Facility at Memorial University was catalysed by a Leaders Opportunity Fund grant to Graham Layne from the Canada Foundation for Innovation. Ongoing support for this facility is also partially derived from an NSERC Discovery Grant to Graham Layne.

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  1. Paul J. Sylvester

    Present address: Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech, 125 Science Bldg., Lubbock, TX, 79049-1053, USA

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  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada

    Stefanie M. Brueckner, Stephen J. Piercey, Graham D. Layne & Paul J. Sylvester

  2. Core Research Equipment and Instrument Training Network (CREAIT), Bruneau Centre for Research and Innovation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, P.O. Box 4200, St. John’s, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada

    Glenn Piercey

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Editorial handling: K. Kelley and G. Beaudoin

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Online resource 1

Methodology (PDF 111 kb)

Online resource 2

Box–Whisker plot of the results for sulphide reference materials used for IMF calibration and quality control of SIMS microanalyses. Data are the recovered δ 34S values for each individual measurement of a reference material once the IMF correction (based on the mean of replicate measurements for each day) was applied. The vertical error bars represent the total range of all spot analyses during the multiple analytical sessions. The vertical dimension of the box represents the 1σ for all spot analyses during multiple analyses. These data demonstrate the overall reproducibility discussed for δ 34S in text, and the relative homogeneity of the reference sulphide materials. All data are compiled in Online resource 3; n = number of analysed data points (PDF 127 kb)

Online resource 3

Results of measured 34S/32S ratio, calculated instrumental mass fractionation (IMF), and δ 34S analysis corrected for IMF of the used in-house standards analysed via SIMS; SEM standard error mean, Stddev standard deviation; asterisk accepted value; n number of analyses (PDF 205 kb)

Online resource 4

Analysed samples from the Ming deposit, their brief description, sulphide mineralogy and results of S isotope analysis (PDF 290 kb)

Online resource 5

Isotopic equilibrium (PDF 928 kb)

Online resource 6

Calculations used for modelling S sources at the Ming deposit (PDF 265 kb)

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Brueckner, S.M., Piercey, S.J., Layne, G.D. et al. Variations of sulphur isotope signatures in sulphides from the metamorphosed Ming Cu(−Au) volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit, Newfoundland Appalachians, Canada. Miner Deposita 50, 619–640 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0567-7

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