Abstract
Key message
HvMKK3 alleles are temperature sensitive and are major contributors to environmental stability of preharvest sprouting in barley.
Abstract
Preharvest sprouting (PHS) can severely damage barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) malting quality, but PHS resistance is often negatively correlated with malting quality. Seed dormancy is closely related to PHS. Increased temperature during grain fill can decrease seed dormancy in barley, but genetic components of seed dormancy temperature sensitivity are poorly understood. Six years of PHS data were used to fit quantitative trait locus (QTL) x environment mixed models incorporating marker data from seed dormancy genes HvAlaAT1, HvGA20ox1, and HvMKK3 and weather covariates in spring and winter two-row malting barley. Variation in winter barley PHS was best modeled by average temperature range during grain fill and spring barley PHS by total precipitation during grain fill. Average high temperature during grain fill also accurately modeled PHS for both datasets. A highly non-dormant HvMKK3 allele determined baseline PHS susceptibility and HvAlaAT1 interactions with multiple HvMKK3 alleles conferred environmental sensitivity. Polygenic variation for PHS within haplotype was detected. Residual genotype and QTL by environment interaction variance indicated additional environmental and genetic factors involved in PHS. These models provide insight into genotype and environmental regulation of barley seed dormancy, a method for PHS forecasting, and a tool for breeders to improve PHS resistance.
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Raw data and R scripts are provided in the supplementary material.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank David Benscher, Amy Fox, and James Tanaka for field and phenotyping assistance, Jean-Luc Jannink, Marnin Wolfe, Shantel Martinez and Travis Rooney for formative discussions early in the conception of the project, and Arunas Verbyla for sharing updated icREML R scripts. This work was supported by New York Agriculture and Markets, the American Malting Barley Association (AMBA), and the Brewers Association (BA). Partial funding for this project was provided by USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Grant 2017-67007-25939 (Wheat-CAP) and Hatch Project 149-945.
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This study was funded by New York Agriculture and Markets, American Malting Barley Association, Brewers Association, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Grant 2017-67007-25939 (Wheat-CAP), Hatch Project 149-945.
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MES supervised the overall project; DWS and KHK were responsible for investigation; DWS developed methodology, analyzed and curated data, and prepared the manuscript; MES, DWS, and KHK contributed to funding acquisition and editing of the manuscript.
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Sweeney, D.W., Kunze, K.H. & Sorrells, M.E. QTL x environment modeling of malting barley preharvest sprouting. Theor Appl Genet 135, 217–232 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-03961-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-03961-5